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>FORT t MACKINAC^ 




DWIGHT H. KELTON. 

Lieut. U. S. Army. 



REVISED EDITION. 



^########c# # #### ## ####### 





View of Fort Mackinac from the Southwest. 



ANNALS 



OF 



Fort Mackinac 



BY 



DWIGHT H. KELTON 

I.IEUT. U. S. ARMY. 



10 )/^'^ 



1883. 



"Tin? 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by 

DWIGHT H. KELTON, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



y 



^D'^l 



printed by 
The Detroit Free Press Cc 



w-~i 



<i: 



UJ 



GREETING. 



ry^HE eveiiino-s of another long Mackinac winter have been 
-L spent revising, correcting and amplifying the " Annals 
of Fort Mackinac." 

Additional matter has been obtained from original records 
here and elsewhere ; pertinent matter has also been culled 
from reliable authorities and from records in the U. S. Treas- 
ury, State and War Departments. 

Facts have been simply and briefly stated. 

The manuscript for a much larger book has been prepared ; 
but, in order to adapt the book to the wants of the thousands 
■of tourists who annually visit the "Isle of the Dancing 
Spirits," many subjects have been omitted. 

Most of the views of scenery are entirely new, having 
been prepared especially for the " Annals," as was also the 
map of "Ancient Michilimackinac," the latter by Eev. 
Father Edward Jacker. 

Among the portraits there are several of persons, all more 
or less o;enerallv known, amons: them that of Rev. Father 
Jacker, world-renowned as the discoverer of Marquette's 
grave; also that of Col. P. Donan, who has done more than 
any living man, as author of newspaper articles and of that 
beautiful little volume, " Mackinac Island, the Wave-washed 
Tourists' Paradise of the Unsalted Seas," to draw the atten- 
tion of Americans to " The Enchanted Isle." 

Among others I am under obligations to the following : 

Residing at Mackinac — Dk. John R. Bailey, Hon. John 
BiDDLE, Hon. William P. Preston, Ambrose Davenport 
(since deceased). 



6 



GKEETING. 



Residing Elsewhere — Pkof. J. C. Holmes, Rev. Dr. 
George R. Duffield, Gen. Grover S. Wormer, Alanson 
Sheley, Esq., Bela Hubbard, Esq., Hon. T. W. Ferry, P. 
D. BissELL, Esq., Gen. Hannibal Day, Gen. O. M. Poe, 
Gen. G. Weitzel, Col. F. U". Farquhar, Gen. R. C. Drum, 
H. H. HuRLBUT, Esq., Lyman C. Draper, D. S. Durrie, 
Col. p. Donan, Lawrence Kehoe, Esq., Rev. Isidore 
Handtman, Hon. J. G. Shea, Rev. Edward J acker. 

Space in this small volume will not allow me to mention by 
name the many records, maimscripts and books consulted. 



/Or^v^TtiX^^, 



Fort Mackinac, Mich. 
April, 1883. 




Fairy Arch. 



ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 



The name Micliiliniakinac, or, as the Indians pronounce it, 
MisMnimaMnang ^ properly signifies '' The country of the 
Misldnimaki^^ (Thus, Otavxinang, tlie country of the 
Otawa ; Otchijnvenang, the country of the Ojibwa ; Osagi- 
nang [English, Saginaw], the country of the Osaki, or Sac 
Indians). And, in fact, the term " Michiliinackinac," or, " the 
country of Michiliinackinac," was by the early French applied 
to a large portion of the eastern half of the Upper Penin- 
sula of Michigan. 

By degrees the term was restricted to the French and In- 
dian settlements on either side of the strait, and finally to 
the Island of Mackinac. 

The French La Pointe de St. Ignace had likewise a 
broader signification than the present Point St. Ignace. 

It was applied to the whole of the little peninsula whose 
basis may be defined by a line drawn due west from the 
mouth of Carp Kiver to Lake Michigan. Our map shows 
only the southern half of it. 

EAKLIEST INHABITANTS. 

The " Ancient miners " of upper Michigan probably con- 
nected with the " Mound builders -' of the Mississippi Valley, 
and with the Toltecs and Aztecs, may have had an agricul- 
tural out-post at St. Ignace. The vestiges of a mound have 
been traced in the neighborhood of Point La Barbe. No 
tradition, however, referring to that people is found among 
our Indians. The earliest inhabitants known to the latter 



10 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



were^the Mishinimaki^ or, as they now call them, Mishini- 
makinago. 

According to the statement of a few still surviving at the 
time of the French occupation, that tribe was all but exter- 
minated by the Iroquois, in retaliation for a successful raid 
made by them into the country of the latter. 




ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 11 



EARLY FRENCH VISITORS, AXD TRANSIENT 
INDIAN SETTLERS. 

John Nicolet, on his remarkable journey from Canada to 
Green Bay — about 1631: — was undoubtedly the first white 
man that saw the Island of Mackinac, and, coasting around 
the little peninsula, entered Lake Michigan. 

From the meagre account left of his journey, nothing can 
be gleaned regarding the inhabitants of the Mackinac country 
at that period. 

But whatever Indian population that intrepid traveler may 
have met there, the whole neighborhood was deserted twenty 
years later, when the ascendancy gained by the Iroquois in 
consequence of their destructive onslaught on the Hurons 
(1649), had compelled all the little Algonquin clans on Lake 
Huron to seek safer quarters on Lake Superior and Green 
Bay. In 1651, or perhaps the year following, the small 
tribe of Tionontate Hurons, on their flight before the Iro- 
quois, reached Mackinac, and deeming the island a safe re- 
treat, held it for about two years ; but being deceived in their 
expectation, retreated to the islands at the mouth of Green 
Bay, and later on, to its head. 

Some of the old clearings which dot the wooded part of 
Mackinac Island may date back to that period, for the Tion- 
ontates w^ere tillers of the soil. In the autumn of 1654, two 
young Frenchmen, convoyed by Indians, passed Mackinac, 
on their way to Green Bay. They repassed the island in the 
summer of 1656, with fifty canoes laden with fur for the 
Canada market, and manned by five hundred Hurons and 
Algon quins. 

The next Frenchman known to have passed tlie strait was 
Nicolas Perrot, to whose Memoirs ^\e are indebted for a 



12 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

portion of what we know of those early times. He made 
his lirst journey to Green Bay about 16155. From that date 
down to the end of the century, Perrot was a frequent visi- 
tor at Mackinac, and on some occasions played a conspicuous 
part in the transactions between his countrymen and the In- 
dians at that post. At length the Black Gown arrived. 
Father Claude Allouez was the first of the Jesuit mission- 
aries who saw the far-famed island. He had left La Pointe 
da St. Esjyrit on Lake Superior in the sunnner of 1669, and 
started from Sault Ste. Marie, [N'ovember 3rd, with two French 
companions and some Pottawatomie Indians. From Novem- 
ber 5th to 11th, he lay wind and snow-bound on "Little St. 
Martin's Island," to which he probably gave its name, the 
day of his departure being St. Martin's day. Crossing over 
from " Big St. Martin's Island " to the opposite shore, he 
met two Frenchmen and a few Indians, who endeavored in 
vain to make him desist from his intended visit to Green 
Bay, so late in the season. 

While coasting along the shore, with the island in view, 
the missionary listened with pleasure to the recital, by his 
Indian companions, of some of the legends which the author 
of Hiawatha has put into English verse. Hiawatha is the 
Mena-bosho, or Xena-bosho, of the Algonquins ; and the 
Island of Mackinac w^as considered as his birthplace ; and 
again, after the flood, as the locality where that civilizer of 
mankind, observing a spider weaving its web, invented the 
art of Ashing with gUl-nets. Father Allouez reached the 
head of Green Bay after a month's journey full of hardship 
and peril. 



ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAO. 13 



THE MISSION OF ST. IGNATIUS— FATHEE MAR- 
QUETTE— HIS CHAPEL. 

In the fall of 1670, Father Claude Dablon, in his capacity 
as Superior of the Jesuits on the upper lakes, selected the 
point north of the strait, then iirst called La Poiiiie de St. 
Ignace^ as the site of a new missionary establishment in the 
place of the mission at La Pointe die St Esprit^ on Lake 
Superior, then on the point of being abandoned. One of 
the fathers, most likely Dablon himself, spent the winter on 
the spot, in all probability within the limits of the present 
village of St. Ignace, and put up some provisional buildings. 

A few Indians only, wintered in the neighborhood, but new 
and permanent settlers were expected ; first of all the wander- 
ing Tionontate Hurons. Leaving Green Bay, 1656 or 1657, 
that remarkable clan, then consisting of about 500 souls, had 
reached the Upper Mississippi, and after many adventures 
and reverses, iinally settled on the Bay of Shagawamigong — 
now Ashland Bay, AVis. — where Father Allouez met them 
in 1665. Since the autumn of 1669, tliey had been under 
the care of Father Marquette, who was now (1671) to accom- 
pany them back to the Mackinac country. 

The party arrived at St. Ignace towards the end of June, 
at the earliest, for at the great gathering of Indians and 
French in Sault Ste. Marie, June l-ith, they had not yet 
reached the Rapids. 

The exact site of Father Marquette's temporary chapel 
and hut (cabane) is not known. It appears, however, from 
some incidental remarks in that Father's report and in a later 
Relation^ that those humble buildings stood at some, tliough 
not a very considerable, distance from the Huron fdrt near 
which the second churcli w^as built. ^ On December Sth 



14 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1672, Joliet arrived with orders from the Governor of 'New 
France and the Superior of the Jesuits in Quebec for Father 
Marquette, to accompany him on liis journey of discovery. 

The party spent the winter in St. Ignace, and started May 
17th, 1673. At that time the Hnrons in St. Ignace num- 
bered 3S0 souls. 

Some 00 Otawas of theSinago clan had lately joined them. 



THE HUEOJS^ FORT.— SECOND CHURCH. 

In the second year of Marquette's stay, the Tionontates 
began to build their fort or palisaded village. According to 
LaHontan's plan, it occupied about the middle of the level 
ground surrounding East Moran Bay. And there it re- 
mained until the Hurons' departure for Detroit, about 1702. 
Soon after Marquette's departure. Fathers Henry Kouvel and 
Philip Pierson, abandoning the old site, built a substantial, 
though small, church and an adjoining residence, protected, 
after the fashion of the times, by a palisade enclosure. In 
this new church Father Marquette's remains were interred, 
June 9th, 1677. 

There can be no doubt about its position. The Jesuits' re- 
port of 167S places it in close proximity to the Huron fort. 
So does LaHontan, in 1688. His plan shows it south of the 
fort or village, from which he says : " It is only separated 
by a palisade enclosure." 

And there it undoubtedly remained until its destruction 
b}^ fire, al)out 1706. 



ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 



15 



ALGOJS^QITIX VILLAGE AXD CHURCH. 

Soon after Marquette's departure, several clans of Otawas 
and kindred tribes — all comprised by the missionaries under 
the name of Algonquins — made their appearance and settled 
on the shore of Lake Huron, a little over two miles from the 
Jesuits' residence, accordingly near the bluff called l.\y the 
Indians the " She Rabbit," south of the " He Rabbit,'' or 
" Sitting Rabbit " (Rabbit's Back). Here too a church, and a 
dwelling house for the Otawa missionary, w^ere built. Ac- 
cording to Hennepin, who officiated iu it, it was covered with 
bark. In 1679, LaSalle honored it with his visit. Of its 
later history nothing is known. Besides a floating popula- 
tion, sometimes not inconsiderable, the "Algonquin village" 
contained, in 1677, as many as 1300 souls, the principal clan 
being that of the Kishkako. 




16' 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



REMOVAL OF THE ALGONQUIK VILLAGE. 

LaHontan, who visited St. Io:nace in the spring of 168S, 
is silent about that clinrch and settlement, but phices an 
Otawa village in the immediate neighborhood of the Hurons, 
on East Moran Bay, stating at the same time that during his 
stay, the Otawas, apprehending some trouble with their 
Huron friends, began to fortify themselves on a neighboring 
bluff. From this it would appear that the Algonquins, or 
Otawas — a name then applied to most of the northwestern 
Algonquins — had, within the last few years, moved about 
two miles south. The former presence of an Lidian popula- 
tion on the bluff above that part of St. Ignaee popularly 
called '' Vide Poche^'' is proved by the numerous articles of. 
Indian and French manufacture ploughed up there by some 
of the present settlers. The local ti'adition also places a fort 
on that hi<j-ht. 




ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 17 



THE (3TAWA VILLAGE AT GROS CAP. 

In 1(377, or sliortly before, another body of Algonqiiiiis — 
Otawas properly so called — came to swell the Indian popula- 
tion of St. Ignace. 

They settled, it appears, on the shore of Lake Michigan, 
between Point La Barbe and Gros Cap. This assumption 
seems necessary to reconcile the statements, in the Jesuits' 
report of 1G7S, regarding the respective distances between 
their residence (near'the Huron village) and the two Indian 
settlements, the Algonquin village and the " iSTew Otawa 
village." The existence of a large Otawa settlement near 
Gros Cap, in 1699, is certain from the account given by the 
Missionary Buisson de St. Come of his journey from Macki- 
nac to the Lower Mississippi. The party, of wdiich the 
noble Tonty w\as one, sent their canoes around the point to 
the Otawa village, and w^alked themselves across the " port- 
age." The village counted then about 1500 souls. 

In 1702, these Otawas followed Cadillac, w4th the bulk of 
the Indian population of St. Ignace, to his new establish- 
ment on the Detroit river, but soon returned to their old 
(juarters, and finally w^ent over to the northwestern shore of 
Lower Michigan, where their descendants are still living. It 
was during their second stay on West Moran Bay that the 
famous trader wdio left his name to it lived among them. 
The remains of their dead, together with wampum, glass 
beads and other articles of Indian and French manufacture, 
are frequently found in the sandy ground at the head of the 
little Bav. 



18 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. 



ST. FRANCIS BORGIA'S CHAPEL. 

For the accommodation of the two settlements — the 
Algonquin Tillage on Lake Hnron, and the new Otawa 
Village on Lake Michigan — Father Henrj Nouvel built a 
church of bark at a distance of about two and a halt" miles 
from the residence and church of St. Ignatius ; and, in 
honor of the first general of the society who sent mission- 
aries to America, named it the church of St. Fi-ancis Borgia. 
There, with Father Enjalran, he passed tlie winter of 16T7-S, 
in a wigwam adjoining the chapel, receiving and instructing 
daily frequent visitors from both villages. We do not know 
how long that chapel remained in use. 

Duluth, who spent the winter of 1680-1 in St. Ignace, 
still gives Father Enjalran the title of missionary of St. 
Francis Borgia. 

The (surmised) removal of the Algonquins from the Rab- 
bit .Buttes must have made the position of the chapel isolated, 
as it was no longer on the thoroughfare between the two 
settlements. 



THE FRENCH VILLAGE. 

The presence of French settlers at St. Ignace, is first men- 
tioned at the occasion of Father Marquette's burial. Accord- 
ing to the report of the following year (1678), the singing at 
the church of St. Ignatius was alternately in Latin, Huron and 
French. The fur and corn trade kept pace witli the increase 
of the Indian ]X)pulation. LaSalle's arrival on the Griffon 
(1679), caused quite a stir in the commercial metropolis of 



ANCIENT MICHILIMAKTNAC. 



19 



the West, for nothing less than that the village of St. Ignace 
was, and remained, until snpplanted by Detroit. Hennepin, 
who wintered at the post (16S0-1), mentions his enrolling 
forty-two traders into a religious confraternity. LaHontan 
locates the houses of the French settlers in two or three I'ows 
along the bend of the shore, south of the Jesuits' residence. 
As a matter of course, the whole French population, with the 
exception of a few lawless coureurs de hois, disappeared 
with the removal of the Indians to Detroit. 




20 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, 



CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 



1534. James Cartier, a Frenchman, discovered tlie St. 
Lawrence River. 

1608. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec. 

1634. Jolm Nicolet passes the straits on his way to and 
from Green Bay. 

1642. The city of Montreal founded. 

1650-51. The Indian settlers of the neighborhood to- 
getlier with large numbers from Manitoulin, Thunder Bay 
and Saginaw, mostly Otawas, intimidated by Iroquois prowess 
retire to Green Bay. 

1653. Eight hundred Iroquois warriors pass the strait. 
Failing to take the Huron fort on Green Bay after a pro- 
tracted siege, they break up, one division marching south, the 
other sailing northward. Tlie former are cut down by the 
Illinois, the latter routed by the Ojibwa, Missisaki and Nigik 
(Otter) Indians, on Lake Huron. 

1654. Two French traders pass St. Ignace, on their way 
to Green Bay, they retui-n in 1656 with a large trading party 
(60 canoes) of Hurons and Otawas. 

1665, or earlier. Nicolas Perrot passes on his first visit to 
the Pottawatomi, on Green Bay. 

1669. November llrh. Father Allouez passed Point St. 
Ignace, on his journey from Sault Ste. Marie to Green Bay : 
he relates the following Indian tradition : 

They say that this island is the native country of one of their gods, called 
"The Great Hare," who created the earth, and that it was on this 
island that he invented the nets for taking fish, after having attentively 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 21 

considered a spider while constructing its web for catching flies. They 
believe that Lake Superior is a pond made by the beavers, the banks of 
which were double ; the first, at the place which we call the Sault. the 
second, five leagues lower down. In coming up the river, they say, this 
same god first encountered the second embankment, which he tore entirely 
away ; and for this reason there are no falls or tur])ulent waters at these 
rapids : as for the first, being in a hurry, he only walked over it and 
trampled it to pieces, in consequence of which there still remain large 
falls and boiling waters. 

This god, they add, while pursuing a beaver in the upper lake, crossed 
at a single step, a bay eight leagues in width. In view of so powerful an 
enemy, the beavers thought it best to change their place and consequently 
withdrew to another lake; from thence they afterward, by aid of the rivers 
that flow from it, arrived nt the North Sea, intending to pass over to 
France; but finding the water bitter (salt), the}' lost heart, changed their 
intentions, and spread themselves among the rivers and lakes of this 
country. 

This is the reason wh}' there are no beavers in France, and why the 
French have to come here in search of them. 

1670-71. Father Dabloii, or another Jesuit (possibly 
Marquette), winters at Michilimackinae, laying the founda- 
tion of the Mission of St. Ignatius. 

1071. End of June, or later. The Tionontate Hurons, 
with Father Marquette, arrive from Shagawamigong (Ash- 
land Bay, L. S.) 

Autumn. The Ota was of Manitoulin, on the war-path 
against the Sioux, arrive with a large supply of arms 
and ammunition lately obtained in Montreal. Joined by 
the Hurons of the new settlement, and — on Green Bay — 
by the Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, they march tfirough 
northern Wisconsin — a well-armed body of a thousand war- 
riors — and confidently attack the Sioux in the St. Croix 
Yalley. Utterly defeated, they retreat through the snow- 
covered \voods, amidst sufferings and privations that lead to 
acts of cannibalism. The heavy loss sustained by the 
Hurons, who bravely covered the rear, accounts for the 
diminished numbers of the tribe, as stated by Marquette. 



22 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1672. The Huroiis build their fortified village on East 
Moran Bay. December 8th, Joliet arrives and winters at 
St. Ignace. 

1073. May 17th, Joliet and Marquette, with live other 
Frenchmen, start on their voyage of discovery. 

1073 or '74. A large body of Otawas and other Algon- 
qnins, principally Kishkakos, coming from Manitoulin and 
the opposite shore settle near Rabbit's Back. Father Henry 
Nouvel, Superior of the Otawa Missions, takes charge of 
them. Father Philip Pierson becomes pastor of the Hnrons. 

1674-75. The second and permanent church of St. Igna- 
tius and the Jesuits' residence are built at the side of the 
Huron village. 

1075. i^ovember Sth, Father Nouvel, with two French 
companions, starts on a journey to Saginaw Bay and the 
interior of Lower Michigan. He arrives near the head 
waters of Chippewa River, December 7th, builds a chapel 
(the first on the Lower Peninsula), and winters with the 
hunters of the Amik (Beaver) Clan. 

1676, or thereabouts. Another large body of Otawas 
arrive and settle near Gros Cap, on Lake Michigan. 

1677. June 7th, The Kishkako Indians, accompanied by 
a number of Iroquois, bring Father Marquette's remains to 
St. Ignace, where they are interred, on the following day, 
within the Jesuits' chapel. 

October. Father Enjalran arrives to assist Father Nouvel 
in the Otawa Mission. 

1677-78. Father Nouvel builds the chapel of St. Francis 
Borgia in the woods, between Rabbit's Back and Gros Cap. 
Himself and Father Enjalran winter there. The French 
and Indian trade begins to assume larger proportions. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 23 



LASALLE, HEI^NEPIK AXD HENRY DE TONTY 

ARRIYE AT MICHILIMACKmAC, ON 

THE ^'GRIFFOK" 

1679. LaSalle, on his first expedition to Illinois, arrives 
and spends some days at the settlement. 

The most remarkable character among the explorers 
of the Mississippi Yalley, in the latter half of the seven- 
teenth century, was Robert Cavelier de LaSaile. Viewed 
in the light and sense of worldly enterprise, he is to be con- 
sidered as surpassing al-1 others in lofty and comprehensive 
aims, in determined energy and unyielding courage, both 
moral and physical. He faltered at no laborious undertak- 
ing; no distrust by nerveless friends, no jealous envy or 
schemes of active enemies, no misfortune damped the ardor 
of his plans and movements. If there was a mountain in 
his track, he could scale it ; if a lion beset his path, he could 
crush it. Kothing but the hand of the lurking assassin 
could quench the fire of that brave heart. We may briefly 
say, that LaSalle was born in the city of Rouen, France, 
November 22, 1643. The name LaSalle was borrowed from 
an estate, in the neighborhood of Rouen, belonging to his 
family, the Caveliers. Robert was educated at one of the 
Jesuit seminaries, and as one of that order he continued a 
short time ; but in 1666, he came to America, and it is said 
that he made early exploration to the Ohio, and was possibly 
near the Mississippi before Joliet and Marquette's voyage 
hither. We can here only allude to a few items and facts in 
LaSalle's career. It was a marked incident, and so appears 
on the historic page, when LaSalle, in 1679, voyaged to 
Green Bay on the " Grilfon," the first sail vessel of the lakes 
above the Falls, and which he had built on the bank of 



24 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Cayuga Creek, a tribiitary of the ^Niagara. But that busi- 
ness trip was a mere pleasure excursion when compared with 
tlie efforts required of him to engineer and bring about cer- 
tain indispensable preparations, involving ways and means, 
before the keel of that renowned craft should be laid, and 
before she spread her wings to the breeze and departed out- 
ward from Buffalo Harbor of the future. And what an 
unhesitating morning-walk was that of his, in 1680, when 
he set out on foot from the Fort which (not him) they termed 
Broken Hearty where Peoria now is, to go, some twelve 
hundred miles perhaps, to Fort Frontenac, where Kingston 
now is, at the lower end of Lake Ontario. His unyield- 
ing purpose was not to be delayed, but accelerated, by 
the avalanche of misfortune which had fallen on him. 
He could not wait for railroads, nor turnpikes, nor civil- 
ization : he could not even wait for a canoe navigation, 
for it was early spring — in the month of March — when 
the ice still lingered by the lake shores, and was running 
thickly in the streams. So, with one Indian and four 
white men, with a small supply of edibles, yet with a 
large stock of resolution, he took his w\ay. The journey 
was accomplished, and he was back on Lake Michigan 
in the autunm ensuing. It has been suggested that his 
own enduring, iron nature, as it might be called — unbending 
as it was in its requirements of others — served, perhaps, to 
create enmities and to occasion the iinal catastrophe. It 
may have been so ; but whatever view may be taken, the 
doings of LaSalle must be called wonderful, his misfortunes 
numberless, and his death sad. The day on which LaSalle 
was killed is said to have been March 19, 1687. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 25 



HENEY DE TOXTY. 

There is luncli of romantic interest in tlie life of Henry 
de Tonty which will ever attract attention to the story of 
his experience in the wilds of America. He was born in 
Naples, Italy, in or near the year 1650. In a memoir, said 
to be written by him in 1693, he says : " After having Ijeen 
eight years in the French service, by land and by sea, and 
having had a hand shot off in Sicily by a grenade, I resolved 
to return to France to solicit employment." It was at the 
time when LaSalle had returned from America, and was 
getting recruits of means for his Western enterprise. The 
prime minister of Louis XIY., he that was called the great 
Colbert, knowing the soldier Tonty well, specially provided 
that the important project to be undertaken by LaSalle should 
have the benefit of the personal aid of Tonty, who, though 
maimed and sino-le-handed, was yet readv to o-o forth to dare 
and to do. Tonty says: "We sailed from Eochelle on the 
14th of July, 16TS, and arrived at Quebec on the 15th of 
September following." We can not, of course, attempt to 
follow the brave and caj^able lieutenant of LaSalle in his 
various movements, even if we had a knowledge of them ; 
yet we may say, that if a trustful agent or manager was 
needed for any adventure by LaSalle, Tonty was the man to 
fill the requirement. If a fort was wanted, he was the 
architect and overseer to construct it ; if a peaceable envoy to 
the Indians was required, he w^as the gifted embassador ; if a 
tribe needed chastisement in battle, he was the able captain 
of the forces. We need not cite examples. Tonty was pro- 
vided with some sort of a metallic arrangement as a substi- 
tute for the loss of part of an arm ; and he was known, it is 
said, far and near, among the tribes of red men, as "La Bras 



26 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

de Fer," or, The man ivith the iron arm. If we rightly 
remember, more than one tale has been constructed by novel- 
writers, with its scenes laid in the Far West, presenting Tonty 
as the principal character. In long time past, an island at 
the lower end of Lake Ontario was known as, and called, the 
Isle of Tonty^ being named after our hero — the man with 
the iron arm ; but the name was afterward changed to that 
of Amherst. Whatever the deserts of tlie titled General 
Jeffrey Amherst may have been, Henry de Tonty was the 
greater man of the two. Tonty died at Fort St. Louis, on 
Mobile Bav, in the year 1701:. 



LOUIS HENNEPIN. 

Louis Hennepin, a Recollect of the order of St. Francis, 
was born at Ath, France, in 161:5. He sailed for Canada 
in 1675, on the ''Saint Honore." LaSalle was, also a pas- 
senger on tlie same vessel. 

Hennepin left Quebec in 1678, and set out with LaSalle to 
explore the country lying south and west of Lake Michigan. 

On Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara Hiver, into 
which it empties from the American side, five miles above 
the Falls, LaSalle built the " Griffon," upon which they 
embarked, setting sail August 7th, arriving atMichilimackinac 
August 27th, 1679. 

From his minute description of the bay, the shore, etc., the 
Rev. Edward Jacker says : The Bay where the " Griffon " 
anchored is that which is overlooked by two steep and rocky 
bluffs famous in Indian tradition, and called by the Indians 
''He" and "She" Rabbit. The former is known as "Rab- 
bit's Back." The Kiskakon Otawas were there in 1677. 

1679. They arrived at Green Bay September 22d, and 
from there LaSalle sent the " Griffon " back, and it is sup- 



IIISTOKICAL KVJCNTS. 




Hon. P. AV. HOMBACH, 
First Postmaster of the City of St. Ignace. IVIic'n. 



28 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

posed to have been wrecked off the entrance to Green Ba}^ 
as a severe storm arose, and it did not reach Michihnackinac. 
After various misliaps Hennepin reached the Mississippi, 
which he ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony, in the sprino- 
of 1680. 

1680. Dulnth and Hennepin arrive from the Upper Mis- 
sissippi, by way of Green Bay. They winter at St. Ignace. 

1681. LaSalle passes St. Ignace on his second journey to 
Illinois. M. De Yilleraye is appointed commandant by 
Frontenac about this time. 

1683. The fur trade declines in consequence of the 
danger of transportation, occasioned by Iroquois hostility. 
Hence distress among the traders, and dissatisfaction among 
the Indians. 

1681. Mons. De La Durantaye in command at Michili- 
mackinac. The French and Indian forces commanded by 
De La Durantaye, with Duluth as lieutenant, and Perrot as 
^'manager" of the Otawas, set out to join in De La Barrels 
inglorious expedition against the Iroquois. 

The Indian estimation of French power and valor is on the 
wane. During De La Durantaye's absence, M. De La Yal- 
trie acts as commandant. 

1685. All the French in the Upper Lake region are ])laced 
under the authority of the commandant of Michilimackinac 
(M. De La Durantaye). This measure remaining in force 
until the abandonment of the post. Michilimackinac, already 
the commercial emporium of the Xorthwest, becomes also its 
military centre. 

Nicolas Perrot arrives with orders from the governor, pro- 
hibiting the Otawas to march against the Foxes on Green 
Bay. He succeeds in restoring peace between the two tribes 
through the intermediation of an Ojibwa chief, whose daugh- 
ter (a captive among the Foxes) he saves from the stake and 
restores to her father. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 29 

1686. Dissatisfaction among tlie Indians. Most of the 
clans are leaning towards the Iroquois and the English, as the 
stronger party and better able to supply their wants. The 
English endeavor to bring about a rupture by forwarding 
supplies and liquor to Michilimackinac. 

1687. De La Durantaye sets out with the French force to 
take part in Denonville's expedition against the Senecas. He 
arrests, in the neighborhood of the settlement, thirty English 
traders, and as many more on Lake Erie. The timely arrival 
of Perrot with the Green Bay Indians obviates the necessity 
of the commandant returning with the prisoners, too numer- 
ous for his safety, in a hostile neighborhood. He proceeds 
to IS^iagara, where the Otawas and Hurons, marching over- 
land from Lake Huron, join him ; they take part in a victori- 
ous attack on 800 Iroquois (July). The capture of those 
English parties probably prevented the massacre of the 
French in Michilimackinac, by the Hurons and Otawas. 

1688. May. LaHontan arrives with a small force (from 
a fort near the outlet of Lake Huron), and spends a month in 
the settlement. He obtains with difficulty a supply of corn. 
The Otawas, distrusting the Hurons, fortify themselves on 
the Bluff, north of East Moran Bay. Joutel, Cavelier, and 
other survivors of LaSalle's expedition to Texas (liaving 
wintered on Green Bay) pass the settlement on their way to 
Quebec and France. Kondiaronk, or Le Rat, the great 
Huron chief, departs at the head of one hundred men against 
the Iroquois, but plots with them the desti'uction of the Ota- 
was by stratagem. The plot proves abortive, in consequence 
of Perrot and tlie missionaries gaining knowledge of it ; 
Le Rat confesses his guilt. Perrot, returning from the Mis- 
sissippi with three female Ojibwa prisoners delivered to him 
by the Foxes, snatches five Iroquois warriors from the stake, 
to which they were condemned by the Otawas, in spite of the 
commandant's and the missionaries' remonstrances. 



30 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1689-90. The Otawas, at the instigation of the Hurons, 
i-esume their project of effecting a reconciliation with the 
Iroquois. They send back to the Senecas the prisoners taken 
from them, and make arrangements for a meeting in the fol- 
lowing year. Father De Carheil, being informed of their 
plan, warns the governor by a messenger sent in the winter. 
Frontenac prepares a large convoy to reinforce Michilimack- 
inac. 

1690. Spring. The Otawas take steps towards an alli- 
ance with the Iroquois, and — as a token of good will — medi- 
tate the massacre of the French traders. 

End of June or beginning of July. The post is saved by 
the arrival of M. De La Porte Louvigny (who relieved Du- 
rantaye as commandant), with Perrot, and with an Iroquois 
prisoner, the evidence of a victory gained on tlie Otawa 
Eiver over a waylaying party (June 2d). The prisoner is 
given, for execution, to the vacillating Hurons, who, dreading 
a final breach with the Iroquois, are disposed to spare him ; 
but yielding to the commandant's peremptory order, brain 
him after a short torture. 

Perrot, boldly haranguing the chiefs, assembled at the 
Jesuits' residence, reproaches them with their treachery, and 
endeavors to show them the folly of doubting the power 
of the French. They promise to amend. 

1691. De Courtemanche and De Kepentigny arrive with 
the news of the French victory over the English fleet before 
Quebec. 

1692. Otawa and Huron warriors co-operate in driving 
the Iroquois from the St. Lawrence, and in the invasion of 
their territory by detached parties. 

August. Two hundred Otawas from Michilimackinac 
arrive at Montreal in quest of munition. 

1693. A great amount of fur is waiting transportation ; 
on account of the Iroquois infesting the Otawa, the Indians 



HISTOKICAL EVENTS. 



31 




South Saiiy-Port, 



32 ANNALS OF FOET MACKINAC. 

will not venture the journey without a sufficient escort. 
Frontenac being informed, despatches the Sieur d'Argenteuil 
with orders for the commandant to send all the French he 
can spare down with the convoy. 

August ttth. Two hundred canoes from Michilimackinac, 
freighted with 80,000 francs worth of beaver, arrive at 
Montreal, together with the principal chiefs of the western 
tribes. A great council is held, and the Indians return 
charmed with the governor's manner, and laden with 
presents. 

1694, July. De Louvigny leaves for the colony with a 
great convoy of furs. 

The Hurons contemplating a removal, are again suspected 
of treacherous intentions. Opposed in their purpose by the 
commandant and the Otawas, one half of the tribe consent 
to stay ; the other half go to live with the Miamis on the 
St. Joseph Kiver. (M. Tilly De Courtemanche commandant 
there, since 1693.) 

De La Porte Louvigny is superseded by De La Motte 
Cadillac, the last commandant of " Ancient Michilimackinac." 
(Louvigny becomes afterwards [1712] first commandant of 
New Michilimackinac, co^nmonly called " Old Mackinac") 

1695. Cadillac advises the governor of the necessity of a 
gn.nd expedition against the Iroquois in order to prevent 
the defection of the western tribes. Frontenac contents 
himself with harrassing the enemy, in which he is aided by 
Michilimackinac Indians, who return with a great number of 
prisoners. 

At a great meeting of western chiefs in Montreal, Fron- 
tenac emphatically gives them to understand that they must 
look upon every French officer, residing among them, as sub- 
ject to the orders of the one in command at Michilimackinac. 

The officers in command at the several posts, at that 
period, are : Tilly De Courtemanche, D' Ailleboust De Mantet, 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 33 

D'Ailleboust D'Argeiiteuil, De Lisle, Vincennes, La De- 
coiiverte, and Perrot. 

Le Baron, a Huron chief, concludes a treaty with the 
Iroquois. Cadillac with difficulty succeeds in suspending 
its execution. An Indian deputation goes to Montreal to 
insist (as advised by the commandant) on a reduction in the 
prices of goods. Frontenac partly satisfies them. 

1696. The Hurons and some Otawas are already hunting 
with the Iroquois. 

Cadillac dispatches a war party, consisting chieliy of 
Pottawatomies and Algonquins. The Iroquois, though warned 
by the Hurons, lose thirty scalps, and thirty-two prisoners, 
who are brought to Michilimackinac. Some Hurons found 
among them are restored to their tribe. 

In consequence of the Hurons' machinations but few" 
Michilimackinac Indians take part in the campaign against 
the Onondago and Oneida. 

D'Argenteuil starts with 50 Frenchmen, but arrives too 
late. 

Le Baron with thirty Huron families goes to settle near 
Albany. Kondiaronk, now permanently gained over to the 
French cause by Father de Carheil, prevents the rest of the 
tribe from following them. 

1697. Frontenac, in reply to the king's order (of 1695, 
received late in 1696), insists on the posts of Michilimacki- 
nac and St. Joseph being retained, with a garrison sufficient 
to keep off English traders (twelve or fifteen soldiers with 
an officer), and on twenty-five canoe loads of goods being 
annually sent to each place. His advice prevails in the king's 
council. 

Rumors of an impending war with England arriving, 
Cadillac starts with a great number of Frenchmen, and three 
hundred Sacs, Pottawatomies, Otawas and Hurons. They 
arrive in Montreal towards the end of August. 



84 ANNALS OF FOET MACKINAC. 

1700, September 8th. Kondiaronk and a deputy of the 
four Otawa clans sign a provisional treaty of j^eace with the 
Iroquois, at Montreah 

De Conrtemanche and Father Enjah-an go to visit the 
other western tribes and persuade them to accede to the 
treaty. 

1701. Otawa hunters fight a party of Iroquois w^ho tres- 
pass on their grounds, and bring the chief to Michilimacki- 
nac as a prisoner. 

De Conrtemanche and Father Enjalran, greatly aided by 
Kondiaronk, bring their negotiations with the tribes to a snc- 
cessful issue. Father Enjalran leaves Michilimackiiuac in 
June, with two liberated Iroquois prisoners. Conrtemanche 
starts after the arrival of the Indian delegates, with a fleet 
of 111 canoes. 

Sieur De La Motte Cadillac founded the present city of 
Detroit, building Fort Pontchartrain, near the present Jeffer- 
son avenue, Shelbj^ and Woodbridge streets. 

At the great meeting convened at Montreal, August 1st, 
for the conclusion of peace between the Iroquois, and the 
French and their allies (Illinois, Miamis, Kickaj^oos, Foxes, 
Winnebagos, Pottawatomies, Menomonees, Otawas, Ojil)- 
was, Ilurons, Algon quins, Abenakis and others, being repre- 
sented), Kondiaronk, almost in a dying state, makes a last 
speech of great effect. He dies the following night, and is 
buried, with great demonstrations of respect, in the principal 
church of Montreal. 

August 4th. At the last general assembly (1,300 Indians 
being present), the treaty is signed by thirty- eight deputies. 

The Otawas of Michilimackinac ask for Father Enjalran 
and Nicolas Perrot, and insist on the prohibition of the 
liquor trade in their countr3\ 

The French court unable to cope with the evils springing 
from the system of trading licenses, ineffectually orders the 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



35 




REV. FATHER EDAVARD JACKER, 
Discoverer of Marquette's Grave. 



36 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

evacuation of the post and the retnrn into the colony of all 
soldiers and traders [coureurs de hois), in the West. 

1702-3. The Hurons and a part of the (3tawas, upon 
Cadillac's pressing invitation, remove to Detroit. 

1705. The remaining Otawas having broken the peace, 
DeLouvigny comes to bring them to reason. He retnrns to 
the colony with Iroquois prisoners given up to him by the 
Otawas. De Vincennes follows with the chiefs. They apolo- 
gize to the Iroquois, and peace is restored. 

Not a single Christian Indian remaining ; the Otawas, 
since the departure of the Hurons proving unmanageable, 
and the licentiousness of the bush-lopers {coureurs de hois) 
exceeding all bounds, the missionaries (De Carheil, Marest, 
and perhaps Enjalran) burn the church and house, and leave 
for Quebec. Governor General de Yaudreuil sends orders 
to all the French at Michilimackinac to come down to the 
colony. 

1712. Governor General de Vaudreuil sent De Lonvigny 
to re-establish Fort Michilimackinac, which he did, but on 
the south shore. 

1721. Peter Francis Xavier Charlevoix at Michilimack- 
inac. 

172S. Sieur Marchand De Lignery's expedition at Mich- 
ilimackinac. 

1730. Sieur De Buisson in command at Michilimackinac. 

1761. As a consequence of the surrender of Quebec, on 
the ISth of September, 1759, the French-Canadian posts 
were given up to the British, but the latter did not arrive at 
Michilimackinac until September 28th, 1761, when Captain 
Belfour, of the 80th Regiment, arrived from Detroit with a 
detachment of the 60th and 80th Regiments. Leaving 
Lieutenant Leslie, of the Royal American or 60th Regiment, 
with one sergeant, one corporal, one drummer, and twenty- 



HISTOEICAL EVENTS. 37 

five privates of the same regiment, Captain Belfonr and his 
party, on October 1st, proceeded to Green Bay, Wis. 

Althougli the British occupied and controlled Canada, it 
was not formally ceded to Great Britain until 1763. 

The preliminaries of peace were signed at Fontainebleau, 
November 3d, 1762, between the courts of France, Spain 
and Great Britain. By the definitive treaty signed at Paris, 
February 10th, 1763, by these three great powers together 
with Portugal, Canada was ceded to Great Britain, and 
Louisiana to Spain in exchange for Florida, and the Bay of 
Pensacola, which Spain gave up to Great Britain to recover 
Cuba. 

Louisiana was retroceded to France by the treaty of St. 
Idelfonso, October 1st, 1800, and purchased from France by 
the United States in 1803.. 



COIs^SPIKACY OF POXTIAC. 

•1763. LTnder this conspiracy eleven posts were attacked, 
and eight captured. 

June 2d. Fort Michiliniackinac was captured. The gar- 
rison consisted of Captain Etherington, Lieutenants Jamet and 
Leslie, and about thirty -five men. A band of Chippewas, 
while playing a game of ball just outside of the Fort, knocked 
the ball, as if by accident, so that it fell inside the stockade; 
the players rushed after it, and seizing their weapons from 
squaws, who had them concealed Under their blankets, and 
had previously entered the Fort as a part of the plot, they 
raised the war-whoop and fell upon the garrison. Lieutenant 
Jamet and fifteen men were killed. Captain Etherington and 
Lieutenant Leslie, who were watching the game of ball, and 
the rest of the garrison were taken prisoners ; they were after- 
wards ransomed by Lieutenant Gorelland his command from 
the Fort at Green Bay. 



38 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1780. July lotli. The British abandon the Fort at ''Old 
Mackinac " and transfer the garrison to Mackinac Island, 
where they build the present Fort Mackinac. The history 
of " Modern Mackinac" pro}3erly begins at this date. 

1783. By the definitive treaty of peace between Great 
Britain and the United States, made and signed at Paris, Sep- 
tember 3d, 1783, by David Hartley on the part of Great 
Britain, and by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John 
Jay on the part of the United States, the post of Michili" 
mackinac fell within the boundary of the United States, but 
under various pretenses the English refused to withdraw their 
troops, and occupied it witli other lake posts. 

1794 By the second article of the treaty of amity, com- 
merce and navigation, between Great Britain and the United 
States, concluded at London, England, November 19th, 1794, 
and signed by Baron Grenville, on the part'of Great Britain, 
and by Hon. John Jay, on the part of the United States 
(ratifications exchanged October 28th, 1795, and proclaimed 
February 29th, 1796), it was stipulated that from all posts 
within the boundary lines assigned, by the treaty of peace to 
the United States, the British troops should be withdrawn on 
or before June 1st, 1796. 

1795. By stipulation 13, article 3, of a treaty of peace 
between the United States and the tribes of Indians called 
the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Otawas, Chippewas, 
Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Pinke- 
shaws and Kaskaskias, made at Greenville, Ohio, on the 3d 
of August, 1795, and signed by General Anthony Wayne, on 
the part of the United States, and by the Sachems and War- 
chiefs of the said tribes, the Indians ceded to the United 
States " the post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the 
island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, 
on which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or 
grants, to the French or English Governments ; and a piece 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



39 




View from Steps of P. E. Church. 



40 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure 
six miles, on Lake Hnron, or the strait between Lakes Hnron 
and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water 
of the lake or strait ; and also, the island " Bois Blanc," the 
latter being an extra and voluntary gift of the Cliip])ewa 
nation." 

1796. October. Two companies of United States troops, 
under the command of Major Henry Burbeck, with Captain 
Abner Prior and Lieutenants Ebenezer Massay and John 
Michael, arrived and took possession of the post of Michili- 
mackinac. 

1S02. hi the year ISOO the Connecticut Missionary So- 
ciety sent Kev. David Bacon (fatiier of the late Rev. Dr. 
Leonard Bacon, of [N^ew Haven, who was born in Detroit in 
1802) as a missionary to our frontier; he arrived at Detroit 
August 11th,. ISOO, where he was entertained at the house of 
the commandant, Major Thomas Hunt, IT. S. A. 

Mr. Bacon left Detroit, with his family, and came to 
Mackinac in June, 1802, where he renudned, teaching and 
preaching until August, 1801, when he was recalled. 

Rev. David Bacon was the Jirst Protestant who preached 
at Mackinac. 

1812. June 18th, war with Great Britain was declared by 
the Congress of the United States by a vote of 79 to 10 in 
the House, and 19 to 13 in the Senate. June 19th, war was 
formally proclaimed by President Madison. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



41 




MAJ. ^WM. WHISTLER, U. S. A. 
Commanding Fort Mackinac, 1833. 



42 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



SURRENDER OF FORT MICHILIMACKINAC. 

Detroit, August 4th, 1812. 

Sir— I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint Your Excellency of 
the surrender of the garrison of Michilimackinac, under my command, to 
his Britannic Majesty's forces under the command of Captain Charles 
Roberts, on the 17th ultimo, the particulars of which are as follows: .On 
the 16th, I was informed by the Indian Interpreter that he had discovered 
from an Indian that the several nations of Indians then at St. Joseph (a 
British garrison, distant about forty miles) intended to make an imme- 
diate attack on Michilimackinac. 

I was inclined, from the coolness I had discovered in some of the prin- 
cipal chiefs of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations, who had but a few days 
before professed the greatest friendship for the United States, to place 
confidence in this report. 

I immediately called a meeting of the American gentlemen at that time 
on the island, in which it was thought proper to dispatch a confidential 
person to St. Joseph to watch the motions of the Indians. 

Captain Michael Dousman, of the militia, was thought the most suitable 
for this service. He embarked about sunset, and met the British forces 
within ten or fifteen miles of the island, by whom he was made prisoner 
and put on his parole of honor. He was landed on the island at day- 
break, with positive directions to give me no intelligence whatever. He 
was also instructed to take the inhabitants of the village, indiscriminately, 
to a place on the west side of the island where their persons and property 
should be protected by a British guard, but should they go to the Fort, 
they would be subject to a general massacre by the savages, which would 
be inevitable if the garrison fired a gun. This information I received 
from Doctor Day, who was passing through the village when every person 
was flying for refuge to the enemy. I immediately, on being informed 
of the approach of the enemy, placed ammunition, etc., in the Block 
houses; ordered every gun charged, and made every preparation for 
action. About 9 o'clock I could discover that the enemy were in posses- 
sion of the heights that commanded the Fort, and one piece of their artil- 
lery directed* to the most defenceless part of the garrison. The Indians 
at this time were to be seen in great numbers in the edge of the woods. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 43 

At half-past 11 o'clock the enemy sent in a flag of truce, demanding a sur- 
render of the Fort and island to his Britannic Majesty's forces. This, Sir, 
was the tirst information I had of the declaration of war; I, however, had 
anticipated it, and was as well prepared to meet such an event as I pos- 
sibly could have been with the force under my command, amounting 
to 57 effective men, including officers. Three American gentlemen, who 
were prisoners, were permitted to accompany the flag: from them I ascer- 
tained the strength of the enemy to be from nine hundred to one thousand 
strong, consisting of regular troops, Canadians and savages ; that they 
had two pieces of artillery, and were provided with ladders and ropes for 
the purpose of scaling the works, if necessary. After I had obtained this 
information, I consulted my officers, and also the American gentlemen 
present, who were very intelligent men ; the result of which was, that it 
was impossible for the garrison to hold out against such a superior force. 
In this opinion I fully concurred, from the conviction that it was the only 
measure that could prevent a general massacre. The Fort and garrison 
were accordingly surrendered. 

The enclosed papers exhibit copies of the correspondence between the 
officer commanding the British forces and myself, and of the articles of 
capitulation. This subject involved questions of a peculiar nature; and 
I hope, Sir, that my demands and protests will meet the approbation of 
my government. I cannot allow this opportunity to escape without ex- 
pressing my obligation to Doctor Sylvester Day, for the service he ren- 
dered me in conducting this correspondence. 

In consequence of this unfortunate affair, I beg leave. Sir, to demand 
that a Court of Inquiry may be ordered to investigate all the facts con- 
nected with it; and I do further request, that the court may be specially 
directed to express their opinion on the merits of the case. 

I have the honour to be, Sir, etc. , 



His Excellency General Hull, 

Commanding the N. W. Army. 



PORTER HANKS, 

Lieutenant of Artillery. 



P. S. — The following particulars relating to the British force were ob- 
tained after the capitulation, from a source that admits of no doubt: 



44 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Regular troops 46 including 4 officers. 

, Canadian militia 260 

Total ■ 306 

Savages, 

Sioux 56 

Winnebagoes 48 

Menomonees 39 

Cliippewas and Ottawas ... -572 

715 Savages. 
306 Whites. 

Total ■ 1021 

It may also be remarked, that one hundred and tifty Chippewas and 
Ottawas joined the British two days after the capitulation. 

P. H. 



MrcHiLTMACKiNAC, Micli., July 17th, 1812. 

CAPITULATION 

Agreed upon between Captain Charles Roberts, commanding 1m Britannic 

Majesty s forces, on the one pari, and Lieutennnt Porter Hanks, 

commanding the forces of the United States, on the other. 

AllTICLES. 

I. The Fort of Michilimackinac shall immediatel}' be surrendered to the 
British forces. Granted. 

II. The garrison shall march out with the lionours of war, lay down 
their arms, and become prisoners of war, and shall be sent to the United 
States of America by his Britannic Majesty. Not to serve in this war until 
regularly exchanged; and for the due performance of this article the offi- 
cers pledge their word of honour. Granted. 

III. All the merchant vessels in the harbour, with their cargoes, shall 
be in the possession of their respective owners. Granted. 

lY. Private property shall be held sacred. Granted. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 45 

V. All citizens of the Uuited States of America who shall not take the 
oath of allegiance to his Britannic Majesty, shall depart with their prop- 
erty from the island in one month from the date hereof. Granted. 

(Signed) CHARLES ROBERTS, 

Commanding H. B. Majesty's forces. 

PORTER HANKS, 

Commanding the forces of the 

United States of America. 

JSToTES. — Dr. Sylvester Day, U. S. A., was the Surgeon at 
tlie Fort. He and his family resided at the time in a house 
belonging to the late Samuel Abbott, which stood on a lot now 
owned and cultivated as a garden by Mr. Patrick Donnelly, 
on the east side of and adjoining his residence on Astor 
street. Mr. Michael Doiisman went to the house and told 
the inmates of the presence of the British on the island. 
Dr. Day immediately arose, and taking his family (one of 
whom, his son, is now General Hannibal Day, U. S. A.), 
went to the Fort and warned the garrison of the approach of 
the foe. 

His Majesty's forces were under the command of Captain 
Charles Roberts, of the Tenth Royal Veteran Battalion, and 
consisted of forty regulars of the same regiment, with two 
six-pounders, which were embarked at St. Joseph on board 
the ^. W. Co.'s ship, " Caledonia ; " two hundred and sixty 
Canadians, with their employes, and four hundred Indians, 
with ten batteaux and seventy canoes. 

The American troops numbered sixty-three persons, in- 
cluding live sick men and one drummer boy. 

There were nine vessels in the harbor, having on board 
forty-seven men. After the capitulation two other vessels 
arrived, with seven hundred packs of furs. 

The prisoners were sent to Detroit, arriving there August 
4th, thence to Fort Fayette, where Pittsburg, Pa., now 



46 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Stands, wliere a roll shows tliem to have been mustered on 
the 17th day of ISTovember, 1812. 

Lieutenant Hanks was killed August 16, while still on 
parole, by a shot fired from the Canadian side, while he was 
standing in the gateway of the fort at Detroit. 

The citizens sought refuge in an old distillery, which was 
situated under the bluff near the old Indian burying ground, 
west of the village. The British sent a guard there imme- 
diately after landing. 

The three American gentlemen (prisoners) referred to by 
Lieutenant Hanks, went from the distillery to Captain Rob- 
erts' command. They were Samuel Abbott, John Dousman 
and Ambrose Davenport, all prominent citizens of the 
village, and well calculated to comprehend the true state of 
affairs. 

Fort Holmes was built while the British held possession of 
the island, in 1812 and 1811. The inhabitants of the village 
were all forced to contribute labor. 

It was called by the British Fort George, in honor of the 
British king ; afterward rechristened by the Americans in 
honor of Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, who was killed 
August 4, 1814. 

The old ditches can be plainly seen ; the parapet was pro- 
tected by cedar pickets, so planted as to render scaling im- 
possible without a ladder. The covered u'ays, constructed 
to shelter the troops, have fallen in. In the centre of the 
enclosure there was a building used as a block-house and 
powder magazine. It was removed by the Americans, and 
is now used as the government stable. 

The platform that now crowns the summit, and commands 
a magnificent view of the Straits and the surrounding coun- 
try, was built by Captain, afterward Colonel, John N. Ma- 
comb, during a survey of the lakes in 1819. As you stand 
on this platform, three hundred and twenty feet above the 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



47 



level of the surrounding water, facing toward the tlag-staif 
in the Fort, on your right is Point St. Ignace, four miles 
distant, the southern extremity of the northern peninsula of 
Michigan ; nearly in front of you lies Mackinaw City ; eight 
miles distant, on the northern point of the southern penin- 




Block House. Built in 1780. 



sula, a little to the right, is where old Fort Michilimackinac 
stood, where the massacre of June 2d, 1763, took place ; a 
little farther to the left Cheboygan, eighteen miles distant, 
and off to the left, where the northern shore and the water 
seem to mingle and disappear together, is the mouth of the 
St. Marv's River, thirtv-seven miles distant. 



48 ANNAIsS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



NAVAL BATTLE ON LAKE EKIE. 

1813. September 10th, the hostile lieets of CTi-eat Britain 
and tlie United States, on Lake Erie, met near the head of 
the Lake, and a sanguinary battle ensued. The British fleet 
consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty-four guns, under com- 
mand of the veteran Commodore Barclay, Lud the fleet of 
the United States consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty- 
four guns, under command of the young and brave Commo- 
dore Oliver H. Perry. The result of this important conflict 
was made known to the world in the following laconic dis- 
patch, written at 4 r. m. of that day : 

" Dear General: — We have met the enemy, and they are ours. Two 
ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop. 

" With esteem, etc., 

"O. H. PERRY. 

"General William H. Harrison." 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



49 




Block House, Built in 1780. 



50 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



BATTLE OF MICHILIMACKINAC. 

REPORT OF COL. GEORGE CROGHAN. 

U, S. S. War Niagara, off Thunder bay, ) 
August 9tli, 1814. \ 

giK_We left Fort Gratiot (head of the straits St. Clair) on the 12th 
ult. and imagined that we sliould arrive in a few days at Malsliadash Bay. 
At tlie end of a week, however, the commodore from the want of pilots ac- 
quainted with that unfrequented part of the lake, despaired of being able to 
find a passage through the island into the bay, and made for St. Joseph's, 
where he anchored on 20tli daj^ of July. After setting fire to the Fort of St. 
Joseph's, which seemed not to have been recently occupied, a detachment 
of infantry and artillery, under Major Holmes, w^as ordered to Sault St. 
Mary's, for the purpose of breaking up the enemy's establishment at that 
place. 

For particulars relative to the execution of this order, I beg leave to 
refer you to Major Holmes' report herewith enclosed. Finding on my 
arrival at Michilimackinac, on the 26th ult, that the enemy had strongly 
fortified the height overlooking the old Fort of Mackinac, I at once de- 
spaired of being able with my small force, to^arry the place by storm, 
and determined (as the only course remaining) on landing and establish- 
ing myself on some favorable^ position, wiience I could be enabled to 
annoy the enemy by gradual and slow approaches, under cover of my 
artillery, in which I should have the superiority in point of metal. I was 
urged to adopt this step by another reason, not a little cogent ; could a 
position be taken and fortified on the island, I was well aware that it 
would either induce the enemy to attack me in mj strongholds, or force 
his Indians and Canadians (the most eflicient, and only disposable force) 
off the island, as the}' would be very unwilling to remain in my neighbor- 
hood after a permanent footing had been taken. On enquiry, I learned 
from individuals who had lived many years on the island, that a position 
desirable as I might wish, could be found on the west end, and therefore 
immediately made arrangements for disembarking. A landing was 
effected on the 4th inst., under cover of the guns of the shipping, and 
the line being quickly formed, had advanced to the edge of the field 
spoken of for a camp, when intelligence was conveyed to me, that the 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



51 




Col. P. DONAN. 



52 ANNALS OF FOET MACKINAC. 

enemy was ahead, and a few seconds more brought us a fire from his. 
battery of four pieces, firing shot and shells. After reconnoitering his 
position, which was well selected, his line reached along the edge of the 
woods, at the further extremity of the field and covered by a temporary 
breast work ; I determined on changing my position (which was now two 
lines, the militia forming the front), by advancing Major Holmes' battal- 
ion of regulars on the right of the militia, thus to outflank him, and by a 
vigorous effort to gain his rear. The movement was immediately ordered, 
but before it could be executed, a fire was opened by some Indians posted 
in a thick wood near our right, which proved fatal to Major Holmes and 
severely wounded Captain Desha (the next officer in rank). This unlucky 
fire, by depriving us of the services of our most valuable oflicers, threw 
that part of the line into confusion from which the best exertions of the 
ofiicers were not able to recover it. Finding it impossible to gain the 
enemy's left, owing to the impenetrable thickness of the woods, a charge 
was ordered to be made by the regulars immediatel}'' against the front. 
This charge although made in some confusion, served to drive the enemy 
back into the woods, from whence an annoying fire was kept up by the 
Indians. 

Lieut. Morgan was ordered up with a light piece to assist the left, now 
particularly galled ; the excellent practice of this brought the enemy to 
fire at a longer distance. Discovering that this disposition from whence 
the enemy had just been driven (and which had been represented to me 
as so high and commanding), was by no means tenable, from being inter- 
spersed with thickets, and intersected in every way by ravines, I deter- 
mined no longer to expose my force to the fire of an enemy deriving 
every advantage which could be obtained from numbers and a knowledge 
of the position, and therefore ordered an immediate retreat towards the 
shipping. This affair, which cost us many valuable lives, leaves us to 
lament the fall of that gallant officer. Major Holmes, whose character is 
so well known to the war department. Captain Van Home, of the 19th 
Infantry and Lieut. Jackson of the 24th Infantry, both brave intrepid 
young men fell wounded at the head of their respective commands. 

The conduct of all my officers on this occasion merits my approbation. 
Captain Desha, of the 24th Infantry, although wounded, continued 
with his command until forced to retire from faintness through loss of 
blood. Captains Saunders, Hawkins and Sturges, with every subaltern 
of that battalion, acted in the most exemplary manner. Ensign Bryan, 
2nd Rifle Regiment, acting Adjutant to the battalion, actively forwarded 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 



53 




Block House. Built in 1780. 



54 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

the wishes of the commanding officer, Lieuts, Hickman, 28th Infantry^ 
and Hyde of the U. S. Marines, who commanded the reserve, claim my 
particular thanks for their activity in keeping that command in readiness 
to meet any exigency. I have before mentioned Lieut. Morgan's activity; 
his two assistants, Lieut. Pickett and Mr. Peters, conductor of artillery, 
also merit the name of good officers. 

The militia were wanting in no part of their duty. Colonel Cotgreave, 
his officers and soldiers, deserve the warmest approbation, My acting 
assistant Adjutant General Captain N. H. Moore, 28th Infantry, with 
volunteer Adjutant McComb, were prompt in delivering my orders. 

Captain Gratiot of the engineers, who voluntered his services as Adju- 
tant on the occasion, gave me valuable assistance. On the morning of the 
5th, I sent a flag to the enemy, to enquire into the state of the wounded 
(two in number), who were left on the field, and to request permission to 
bring away the body of Major Holmes, which was also left, owing to the 
unpardonable neglect of the soldiers in whose hands he was placed. I 
am happy in assuring you, that the body of Major Holmes is secured, 
and will be buried at Detroit with becoming honors. I shall discharge 
the militia to-morrow, and will send them down, together with two regu- 
• lar companies to Detroit. 

With the remaining three companies I shall attempt to destroy the 
enemy's establishment in the head of Naic-taic-wa-sa-ga River, and if it 
be thought proper, erect a post at the mouth of that river. 

Very respectfully, I have the honor to remain, sir, your obedient 
servant. 

G. CROGHAN, 

Lieut - Col. ;2nd Riflemen. 
To Hon. J. Armstrong, 

Secretary of War. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 55 



REPORT OF KILLED, WOUNDED AND MISSING, ON 
AUGUST 4th, 1814. 

On board the U. S. Sloop of War Niagara, ) 
11th August, 1814. ) 

Artillery — wounded, three privates. 

Infantry — 17th Regiment; killed, five privates; wounded, two sergeants, 
two corporals, fifteen privates. Two privates since dead. Two privates 
missing. 

19th Regiment — wounded, one captain, nineteen privates. Captain 
Isaac Van Home, Jr., since dead — one private since dead. 

24th Regiment — killed, five privates; wounded, one captain, one lieu- 
tenant, three sergeants, one musician, five privates. Captain Robert 
Desha severely; Lieut. Hezekiah Jackson since dead — one sergeant since 
dead. 

82nd Regiment — killed, one major. Major Andrew Hunter Holmes. 

United States Marines — wounded, one sergeant. 

Ohio Militia — killed, two privates ; wounded, six privates — one private 
since dead. 

Grand total — one major and twelve privates killed ; two captains, one 
lieutenant, six sergeants, three corporals, one musician and thirty-eight 
privates wounded. Two privates missing. 

The above return exhibits a true statement of the killed, wounded and 
missing in the affair of the 4th instant. 

N. H MOORE, 

Captain '28th Infantry. 
Acting Assistant Adjutant General. 



56 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



KEPOET OF CAPTAIN SmCLAIK. 

United States Sloop of War Niagara, } 
Off Thunder Bay, August 9tli, 1814. f 

Sir — I arrived off Michilimackinac on the 26tli July; but owing to a 
tedious spell of bad weather, which prevented our reconnoitering, or 
being able to procure a prisoner who could give us information of the 
enemy's Indian force, which, from several little skirmishes Ave had on an 
adjacent island, appeared to be very great, we did not attempt a landing 
until the 4th inst., and it was then made more with a view to ascertain 
positively the enemy's strength, than with any possible hope of success; 
knowing, at the same time, that I could effectually cover their lauding 
and retreat to the ships, from the position I had taken within 300 j'ards 
of the beach. Col. Croghan would never have landed, even with this 
protection, being positive, as he was, that the Indian force alone on the 
island, with the advantages thej^ had, were superior to him, could he 
have justified himself to his government, without having stronger proof 
than appearances, that he could not effect the object in view. Mackinac 
is, by nature, a perfect Gibraltar, being a high inaccessible rock on every 
side, except the west, from which to the hights, j^ou have near two miles 
to pass through a wood, so thick that our men were shot in every direc- 
tion, and within a few yards of them, without being able to see the 
Indians wlio did it ; and a height was scarcely gained before there was 
another within 50 or 100 yards commanding it, where breastworks were 
erected and cannon opened on them. Several of those were charged and 
the enemy driven from them; but it was soon found the further our 
troops advanced the stronger the enemy became, and the weaker and 
more bewildered our forces were; several of the commanding officers 
were picked out and killed or wounded by the savages, witliout seeing 
any of them. The men were getting lost and falling into confusion, 
natural under such circumstances, which demanded an immediate retreat, 
or a total defeat and general massacre must have ensued. This was con- 
ducted in a masterly manner by Col. Croghan, who had lost the aid of 
that valuable and ever to be lamented officer, Major Holmes, who, with 
Captain VanHorn, was killed b}^ the Indians. 

The enemy were driven from many of their strongholds; but such was 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 57 

the impeuetral)le thickness of the woods, that no advantage gained could 
be profited b}'. Our attack would have been made immediately under 
the lower fort, that the enemy might not have been able to use his Indian 
force to such advantage as in the woods, having discovered by drawing a 
fire from him in several instances, that I had greatly the superiority of 
metal of him ; but its site being about 120 feet above the water, I could 
not, when near enough to do him an injury, elevate sufficiently to batter 
it. Above this, nearly as high again, he has another strong fort, com- 
manding every point on the island, and almost perpendicular on all sides. 
Col. Croghan not deeming it prudent to make a second attempt upon this 
place, and having ascertained to a certainty that the only naval force the 
enemy have upon the lakes consists of one schooner of four guns, I have 
determined to despatch the " Lawrence " and " Caledonia " to Lake Erie 
immediatelj^ believing their services in transporting our armies there will 
be wanting; and it being important that the sick and wounded, amount- 
ing to about 100, and that part of the detachment not necessary to further 
our future operations here, should reach Detroit without delay. By an 
intelligent prisoner, captured in the "Mink," I ascertained this, and that 
the mechanics and others sent across from York during the winter w^ere 
for the purpose of building a flotilla to transport reinforcements and sup- 
plies to Mackinac. An attempt was made to transport them by the way of 
Matchadash, but it was found impracticable, from all the portages being 
a morass; that they then resorted to a small river called Nautawasaga, 
situated to the south of Matchadash, from which there is a portage of three 
leagues over a good road to Lake Simcoe. This place was never known 
until pointed out to them last summer by an Indian. This river is very 
narrow, and has six or eight feet water in it about three miles up, and is 
then a muddy, rapid shallow for 45 miles up to the portage, where their 
armada was built, and their storehouses are now situated. The naviga- 
tion is dangerous and diflScult, and so obscured by rocks and bushes that 
no stranger could ever find it. I have, however, availed myself of the 
means of discovering it ; I shall also blockade the mouth of French River 
until the fall; and those being the only two channels of communication 
by which Mackinac can possibly be supplied, and their provisions at this 
time being extremely short, I think they will be starved into a surrender. 
This will also cut off all supplies to the Northwest Company, who are now 
nearly starving, and their furs on hand can only find transportation by 
the way of Hudson Bay. At this place I calculate on fallinc: in with 



58 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

their schooner, which, it is said, has gone there for a load of provisions, 

and a message sent to lier not to venture up while we are on the Lake. 

Very respectfully, I have the honor to remain. Sir, 

Your obedient servant, 

ARTHUR SINCLAIR. 
To Hon. Wm. Jones, 

Secretary of the Navy. 

Notes. — Col. Croghan landed with liis troops at what is 
now called ' British Landing,' so named from the fact that 
the British landed there on the night of the 16th and 17th 
of July, 1812, when they successfully surprised Fort Mack- 
inac. 

On entering tlie gate on the road leading to British Land- 
ing, after passing through the narrow belt of timber, you 
come to a slight ridge which crosses the road, passing diagon- 
ally through an orchard, on the left. 

On the south side of this ridge the British troops were 
concealed, having four field pieces ; the line was protected by 
a hastily constructed ahattis, and the left by an entrenchment, 
the remains of which can be seen in the orchard some 250 
yards to the left of, and nearly parallel to, the road. 

The British forces were under the command of Lieut.-Col. 
Eobert M'Donal, Glengary Light Infantry, then in com- 
mand at Fort Mackinac. 

Major Holmes' body was put on board a schooner and sent 
to Detroit, where it was buried in the old cemetery on the 
corner of Larned street and Woodward avenue, on land 
belonging to '' The First Protestant Society." In 183-1 when 
excavating for the building of " The First Protestant Church " 
the remains of Major Holmes were found with six cannon 
balls in the coffin. The balls were placed in the coffin for 
the purpose of sinking the body if in danger of being cap- 
tured by the British while on its way to Detroit. The 
remains were placed in a box and buried in the Protestant 
cemetery near Gratiot, Beaubien and Antoine streets, and 
have not been disturbed since that time. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 59 

1815. By the treaty of peace and amity between Great 
Britain and the United States, conchided at Ghent, Belgium, 
December 24:th, 1814, and signed by Lord Gambler, Henry 
Goulbonrn and William Adams, on the part of Great Britain? 
and by John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry 
Clay, Jonathan Russell and Albert Gallatin, on the part 
of the United States (ratifications exchanged February ITth, 
and proclaimed February ISth, 1815), the post of Michili- 
mackinac was again restored to the United States. 

The British occupied Fort Mackinac until the arrival in 
September, of Major Talbot Chambers, with the United 
States troops, consisting of one company of Artillery, and 
two companies of Bifles. The British troops then withdrew 
to St. Joseph's Island, in St. Mary's River. 

1816. Two companies of Rifles left Fort Mackinac, under 
the command of Colonel John Miller, and established Fort 
Howard, at Green Bay, Wis. 

1819. First steamboat at Mackinac, the " Walk-in-the- 
Water." 

1823. Rev. William Montague Ferry, by direction of the 
United Foreign Missionary Society, established a mission 
for the Indians of the Northwest at Mackinac Island, this 
location being chosen because it was the center of the fur 
trade in the Northwest. 

Mr. Ferry arrived at Mackinac October 19th, and opened 
school November 3d, w^ith twelve Indian children. At one 
time there were twenty-four assistants, and one hundred and 
eighty scholars. The children from the village attended as 
day scholars, and those from the several tribes as boarders. 
They were trained in habits of industry, and taught trades, 
and how to cultivate the soil, besides receiving a common 
school education. The school was first held in the old Court 
House. In 1825, the building now known as the '' Mission 
House," was erected for missionary and school purposes. 
Thomas White Ferry, ex U. S. Senator, was born in the Mis- 
sion House, June 1, 1827. 



60 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

The building known as the " Mission Church," was erected 
in 1830. It was consecrated March 4th, 1831. 

Mr. Ferry was relieved August 6th, 1834. He then 
settled at Grand Haven, Mich., w^here he lived for thirty- 
three years, highlj' esteemed and eminently useful. He died 
December 30th, 1867. In 1837 the Mission was discontinued. 

1862. May 14th, the steamer "Illinois," arrived at 
Mackinac from Detroit, having on board Co. A., Stanton 
Guards, Michigan Yolunteers, Caj^t. Grover S. Wormer, of 
Detroit, commanding (afterwards, Lieut.-Col. and Col. 8th 
Michigan Cavalry, and Brevet Brigadier-General United 
States Yolunteers), with First Lieutenant Elias F. Sutton, 
Second Lieutenant Louis Hartmeyer, Chaplain James Knox, 
and Dr. John Gregg, having in charge the following dis- 
tinguished gentlemen from Tennessee, who were State 
prisoners of war : Gen. William G. Harding, Gen. Washing- 
ton Barrows, and Judge Joseph C. Guild. 

For six days after their arrival, the prisoners were allowed 
to remain at the Mission Hotel, under a guard, while quar- 
ters were being prepared in the Fort. The three sets of 
officers' quarters in the wooden building between the stone 
quarters and the guard house, were assigned to them. 

Gen. Harding occupied the set in the west end, or nearest 
the stone quarters. Gen. Barrows, the middle set, and Judge 
Guild, the set in the east end. The rooms w^ere comfortably 
furnished by the prisoners, who remained here until Septem- 
ber 18th, 1862, when the Fort was again abandoned, the 
prisoners taken to Detroit, and thence to Johnson's Island, 
Lake Erie. 

1877. Father Marquette's grave discovered at St. Ignace, 
by Eev. Father Edward Jacker. 

1882. The Protestant Episcopal Church on Fort street, 
built through the efforts and under the direction of Rev. 
Moses C. Stanley. 



PEIESTS. Gl 



PRIESTS. 

The following Priests of the Eoman Catholic Church have 
served at Michilimackinac : 

The dates opposite their names indicate the iirst and last 
year of their stay ; or, as the case may be, of their visits ; 
for many of them made only occasional visits, having other 
parishes, or missions, in their charge. Their names are 
marked thus *. 

The first church on the main land, north of the Strait, 
was built in 1671 ; the second about 1674 ; burnt in 1706. 

The present church was built in 1838. 

The Iirst church on the main land, south of the Strait, was 
built about 1712, wdien the post was re-established ; the 
second, about 1741. 

The first church on the island was built about 1785. It 
occupied a part of the old cemetery on Astor street. The 
second was erected in 1827, on the site of the present one, 
on land donated by ^Irs. Magdalene Laframboise. 

The present building was erected in 1873. 

Beneath the altar are the graves of Mrs. Magdalene 
Laframboise, her only daughter, and grandson, Langdon 
Pierce (wife and son of Capt. Benjamin K. Pierce, U. S. A.). 
On the marble slabs over their ojraves are the following 
inscriptions : 

"Magdalene Laframboise, died April 14th, 1846, aged 66 years." 
" Josephine Pierce, died November 24th, 1820." 

In " x\ncient Michilimackinac" (St. Ignace). 

1670. Rev. Father Dablon, I J. (or possibly Marquette.) 

1671-73. Rev. Father .James Marquette, S. J. 
1673 (?) Rev. Father Philip Pierson, S. J. 



62 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1674 (?) Rev. Father Henry Nouvel, S. J. 

1677 (?) Rev. Father J. Enjah-an, S. J. 

1680-81. Rev. Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan.* 

16?? (?) Rev. Father De Carheil, S. J. 

ie??-1706. Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J. 

In "Old Mackinac" (Lower Michigan). 

1708 (?) Rev. Father J, Marest, S. J. 

1741-52. Rev. Father J. B. Lamorinie, S. J.* 

1741-65. Rev. Father Du Jaunay, S. J. 

1742-44. Rev. Father C. G. Coquarz, S. J.* 

1753-61. Rev. Father M. L. Lefranc. S. J. 

1768-75. Rev. Father Gibault, Yic.-Gen. of Illinois.* 

On the Island and in Modern St. Ignace. 

1786-87. Rev. Father Payet, of Illinois.* 

1794. Rev. Father Ledru, Dominican, of France.* 

1796. Rev. Father Levadoux, of Detroit, Yic.-Gen. of the Bishop 

of Baltimore.* 
1799-1823. Rev. Father G. Richard, Curate of St. Ann, Detroit, and 

Vicar-General.* 
1801. Rev. Father J. Dilhet.* 

1816-18. Rev. Father Joseph Crevier, of Canada.* 
1825-27. Rev. Father Francis Vincent Badin of St. Joseph's.* 
1827-80. Rev. P. J. De Jean, of Little Traverse Bay.* 
1829-31. Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, Bishop of Cincinnati.* 
1830. Rev. Father Mallon, of Cincinnati. 

1830-83. Rev. Father Samuel Mazzuchelli, Dominican. 
1880-88. Rev. Father Frederic Rese, Vic. -Gen. of Cincinnati, Bishop 

of Detroit, 1884.* 
1831-65. Rev. Father Frederic Baraga, of Little Traverse Bay. 

Afterwards (1858-68) Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie and 

Marquette.* 
1883. Rev. Father J. Lostrie. 

1838-84, Rev. Father Francis Hatscher, Redemporist. 
1888-48. Rev. Father Sauti Santelli. 



PKIESTS. 63 

1843-45. Rev. Father C. Skolla, Franciscan. 

1845. Rev. Father H. Van Renterghem. 

1845-52. Rt. Rev. P. Lefevre, Bishop of Detroit.* 

1846-74. Rev. Father A. D. Piret, retired to " Chenaux." 1870. 

1852. Rev. Father Francis Pierz, of Little Traverse Bay.* 

1854-57. Rev. Father E. L. M. Jahan. 

1858-61. Rev. Father Patrick B. Murra5^ 

1861-67. Rev. Father Henry L. Thiele (two terms). 

1868. Rev. Father Charles Magne. 

1868-71. Rev. Father Matthias Ortb. 

1869-70. Rev. Father Philip S. Zoru, of Grand Traverse Bay.* 

1870-71. Rev. Father Nicolas L. Sifferath, of Cross Village.* 

1871. Rev. Father Charles Vary, S. J., of Saiilt Ste. Marie.* 

1871-79. Rt. Rev. Ignatius Mrak, Bishop of Marquette.* 

1871-72. Rev. Father L. B. Lebouc. 

1872-73. Rev. Father Moses Mainville. 

1873-80. Rev. Father Edward Jacker. 

1875-78. Rev. Father William Dw3'er. 

1878-79. Rev. Father John Braun. 

1879-81. Rev. Father John C. Kenny. 

1880-81. Rev. Father C. A. Richard. 

1880-82. Rt. Rev. John Vertin, Bishop of Marquette.* 

1881. Rev. Father Bonaventure Frey, Pro v. Cap. Order.* 

1881-82. Rev. Father Kilian Haas, O. M. Cap. 

1881-82. Rev. Father Isidore Haudtmanu, O. M. Cap. 

1882-83. Rev. Father John Chebul. 

1883. Rev. Father Joseph Niebling. 



64 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS. 

The following named officers were at Fort Miclnlimackinac 
on the dates given ; their names are the only ones (of French 
and British officers) which appear in the old and official 
records : 

1742, 12th August. 

MONS. DE BlAINVILLE, 

Commandant of Michilimackinac. 
1744, 6th January. 

MONS, DE ViVEHEVET, 

Commandant of Michilimackinac. 

1744, 11th July. 

DE RaMELIA, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Nepigon. 

1745, 11th July, and 1747, 23d May. 

DUPLESSIS DE MOIIAMPONT, 

Kiug's Commandant at Cammanettigsia. 
1745, 25th August, and 1746, 29th June. 

NOYELLE, Jr., 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 
1745, 25th August. 

Louis de la Corne. 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 

1747, 7th February, 20th June and 1st September. 

MoNS. DE Noyelle, Jr. , 

Commandant of Michilimackinac. 

1748, 28th February, 1749, 11th March and 21st June. 

MoNS. Jacques Legardeur de St. Pierre, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 

1749, 27th January. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigny, 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 



FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS. 65 

1749, 29tli August. 

MONS. GODEFROY, 

Officer of Troops. 

1750, 24tli March, and 1753, 4th June. 

MoNS. DuPLESsis Faber, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 
Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis. 

1751, 8th October. 

MoNS. DuPLESsis, Jr., 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 

1752, 4th June. 

MoNS. Beaujeu de Villemonde, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Camanitigousa. 

1753, 18th July, and 1754, 15th August. 

MoNS. Marin, 

King's Commandant, Post of La Bale. 

1753, 18th July; 1754, 8th May; 1758, 23d February, 29th June, 16th July 

and 17th October; 1759, 30th January; 1760, 25th May and 8th 
September. 
MoNs. DE Beaujeu de Villemonde, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac 

1754, 8th July, and 1755, 25th May. 

3IoNs. Herein. 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 

1755, 8th January. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigny. 

King's Commandant at the Sault. 

1755, 24th August, 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigny, 

Lieutenant of Infantry, 

1756, 28th April. 

Charles de L'Anglade, 

Officer of Troops. 
1756, 19th June. 

MoNS. Hertelle Beaubaffin, 

King's Commandant at . 



66 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1756, 19tli July. 

MONS. COUTEROT, 

Lieuteucint of lufantry. 
1758, 2d July. 

MoNS. DE L'Anglade, 

Second iu Command at jVIicliilimackinac. 
1758, 18tli July. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigny, 

Officer at jMichilimackiuac. 
1774 to 1779. 

A. S. De Peystek, 

Major Commanding Micliilimackiuac and Dependencies. 

1779 to 1782. 

Patrick Sinclair, 

Major and Lieutenant-Governor, 

Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies. 

1782 to 1787, lOth IMay. 

13ANIEL Robertson, 

Captain Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies. 

1784, 31st July. 

Phil. B. Fry, 

Ensifjn 8th. or Kin2:'s Regiment. 
1784, 31st July, 

George Clowes, 

Lieutenant Sth, or King's Regiment. 

1791, 15th November. 

Edward Charleton, 

Captain 5th Regiment Foot, 

Commanding Michilimackinac. 
1791, 15th November. 

J. M. Hamilton, 

Ensign 5tli Regiment Foot. 
1791, 15th November. 

Benjamin Rocha, 

Lieutenant Sth Foot. 
1791, 15th November. 
H. Headowe, 

Ensiu-n 5th Foot. 



LEGEND OF "ROBERTSON'S FOLLY." 



Captain Bobertsox was a gay young English officer and 
a great admirer of the Ladies. One pleasant summer even- 
ing, as. he was strolling in the woods at the back of the fort 
enjoying his pipe, he suddenly beheld, a few rods before 
him and just crossing his path, a female of most exquisite 
form, feature and complexion ; she seemed about nineteen ; 
was simply dressed ; wore her long black hair in flowing 
tresses ; and as for a moment she turned on him her lustrous 
black eyes, her whole countenance lighting up with anima- 
tion, the gallant captain thought he had never before seen 
so beautiful a creature. He politely doffed his cap and 
quickened his steps, hoping to engage her in conversation. 
She likewise hastened, evidently with the design of escaping 
him. Presently she disappeared around a curve in the road, 
and Robertson lost sight of her. 

At the officers' quarters that night nothing was talked of 
but the young lady and her possible identity. She was 
clearly not a native, and no vessel had been known to touch 
at the island for many a week. Who could she be ? Cap- 
tain Robertson could, hardly sleep that night. A rigid 
inquiry was instituted in the village. The only effect was 
to engender as intense curiosity in the town as already 
existed among tlie garrison. 

As the shades of evening drew near, the captain was again 
walking in the pleasant groves enjoying the delightful lake 
breezes and the whiff of his favorite pipe. He was think- 
ing of last evening's apparition, and blaming himself for 
not pressing on more vigorously, or at least calling to the 



68 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. 

fair spectre. At this moment, raising his eyes from the 
ground, there she was again, slowly preceding him at a dis- 
tance of scarcely more than thirty yards. As soon as his 
astonishment would permit, and as sjDeedily as he could 
frame an excuse, he called to her : " Mademoiselle, I — I beg 
your pardon." 

She turned on him one glance, her face radiant with smiles, 
then redoubled her pace. The captain redoubled his, and 
soon broke into a run. Still she kept the interval between 
them undiminished. A bend of the road, and again she was 
gone. The captain sought her quickly, but in vain ; he then 
rushed back to the fort and called out a general posse of 
othcers and men to scour the island, and, by capturing the 
maiden to solve the mystery. Though the search was kept 
up till a late hour in the night, not a trace could be found 
of her. The captain now began to be laughed at, and jokes 
were freely bandied at his expense. 

Two days passed away, and the fantasy of Captain Robert- 
son began to be forgotten by his brother officers, but the 
captain himself maintained a gloomy, thoughtful mood — the 
truth is he was in love with the woman he had only twice 
seen, and who he felt assured was somewhere secreted on 
the island. Plans for her discovery revolved in his brain 
day and night, and visions of romance and happiness were 
ever Hitting before his eyes. It was on the evening of the 
second day that he was irresistibly led to walk again in the 
shady path in which the apparition had twice appeared to him. 
It led to the brow of the precipice at the southeastern corner 
of the island. He had nearly reached the famous point 
from which we now look down perpendicularly 12S feet into 
the placid waters of Lake Huron, when, sitting on a large 
stone, apparently enjoying the magniticent scene spread out 
before her, he discovered the object of his solicitude. Escape 
from him was now impossible, silently he stole up to her. 



ROBERTSON S FOLLY. 69 

A crunching of the gravel under his feet, however, disturbed 
her, and turning, her eyes met his. 

" Pretty maiden, why thus attempt to ehide me ? Who 
are you ? " There was no answer, but the lady arose from 
the rock and retreated nearer the brink of the precipice, at 
the same time o^lancins^ to the rio-ht and left, as if seekino^ a 
loop-hole of escape. 

" Do not fear me," said the captain, " I am commander of 
the garrison at the fort here. No harm shall come to you, 
but do pray tell me who you are, and how you came on this 
island!" 

The lady still maintained a stolid silence, but in the fading 
light looked more beautiful than ever. She was now stand- 
ing within three feet of tlie brink with her back to the 
terrible abyss. The captain shuddered at the thought of her 
making an unguarded step and being dashed to pieces on 
the rocks below. So he tried to calm her fears lest, in her 
agitation, she might precipitate a terrible catastrophe. 

"My dear young lady," he began, "I see you fear me, 
and I will leave you ; but for heaven's sake do pray tell me 
your name and wdiere you reside. Not a hair of your head 
shall be harmed, but Captain Eobertson, your devoted ser- 
vant, will go through fire and water to do your commands. 
Once more, my dear girl, do speak to me, if but a word 
before we part." 

As tlie captain warmed up in his address, he incautiously 
advanced a step. The girl retreated another step, and now 
stood where the slightest loss of balance must prove her 
death. 

Quick as thought, the captain sprang forward to seize her 
and avert so terrible a tragedy, but just as he clutched lier 
arm, she threw herself backward into the chasm, drawing 
her tormentor and would-be savior with her, and both were 
instantlv dashed on to the rocks below. 



70 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



His mangled remains were found at the foot of tlie preci- 
pice, but, singular as it may seem, not a vestige could be 
found of the woman for whose life his own had been sacri- 
ficed. His body alone could be discovered and it was taken 
up and buried in a shady nook near the middle of the island. 
He was long mourned by his men and brother officers, for 
he was much beloved for his high social qualities and genial 
deportment; but by and by it began to be whispered that 
the captain had indulged too freely in the fine old French 
brandy that the fur traders brought up from Montreal, and 
that the lady he professed to see was a mere ignis fatious of 
his own excited imagination. But the mantle of charity 
has been thrown over the tragedy, and a commonplace 
explanation given for the name the rocky point has acquired, 
of " Robertson's Folly." 




AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. 71 



THE AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. 

To notice slightly the origin of the American Fur Com- 
pany, we will say that John Jacob Astor, a German by birth, 
who arrived in New^ York in the year 1784, commenced 
work for a bakery owned by a German acquaintance. He 
was afterwards assisted to open^a toy shop, and this was fol- 
lowed by trafficking for small parcels of furs in the country 
towns, and which led to his future operations in that line. 

Mr. Astor's great and continued success in that branch of 
trade induced him, in 1S09, to obtain from the New York 
Legislature a charter incorporating " The American Fur 
Company," with a capital of a million dollars. It is under- 
stood that Mr. Astor comprised the company, though other 
names were used in its organization. In ISll, Mr. Astor, 
in connection with certain partners of the old Northwest 
Fur Company (whose beginning was in 1783, and perma- 
nently organized in 1787), bought out the association of 
British merchants known as the Mackinac Company, then a 
strong competitor in the fur trade. This Mackinac Com- 
pany, with the American Fur Company, was merged into a 
new association called the Southwest Fur Company. But in 
1815, Mr. Astor bought out the Southwest Company, and the 
American Fur ComjDany came again to the front. In the 
winter of 1815-16, Congress, through the influence of Mr- 
Astor, it is understood, passed an act excluding foreigners 
from participating in the Indian trade. In 1817-18, the 
American Fur Company brought a large number of clerks 
from Montreal and the United States to Mackinac, some of 
whom made good Indian traders, while many others failed 
upon trial and were discharged. Among those Avho proved 
their capability was Gurdon S. Hubbard, Esq., then a youth 



72 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

of sixteen, the earliest resident of Ciiicago now living there. 
He was born in Windsor, Yt., in 1802, and his parents were 
Elizur and Abigail (Sage) Hubbard. His paternal emigrant 
ancestor was George Hubbard, who was at Wethersfield, Ct., 
in 1636. Mr. Hubbard is also a lineal descendant of the 
clergyman -governor Gurdon Saltonstall (named for Bramp- 
ton Gurdon, the patriot M. P., whose daughter was the grand- 
mother of the governor), who was the great-grandson of Sir 
Richard Saltonstall, the firnj and efficient friend of early 
New England. 

We need, therefore, merely add here that Mr. Hubbard 
left Montreal, where his parents then lived. May 13, 1818, 
reaching Mackinac July 4th, and first arrived at Chicago on 
the last day of October or first day of Xovember of that 
year. In 1828, he purchased of the Fur Company their 
entire interest in the trade of Illinois. 

Having entire charge of tlie management of the company in the West, 
were Ramsey Crooks and Robert Stuart. To William Matthews was 
intrusted the engaging of voyageurs and clerks in Canada, with his head- 
quarters in Montreal. Tlie voj^ageurs he took from the habitants (farmers) ; 
young, active, athletic men were sought for, indeed, none but such were 
engaged, and they passed under inspection of a surgeon. Mr. M. also 
purchased at Montreal such goods as were suited for the trade, to load his 
boats. These boats were the Canadian batteaux, principall}' used in those 
days in transferring goods to upper St. Lawrence River and its tributaries, 
manned by four oarsmen and a steersman, capacity about six tons. The 
voyageurs and clerks were under indentures for a term of five years. 
Wages of voyageurs, $100, clerks from $120 to $500 per annum. These 
were all novices in the business ; the plan of the company was to arrange 
and secure the services of old traders and their voyageurs, who, at the 
(new) organization of the company were in the Indian country, depending 
on their influence and knowledge of the trade with the Indians ; and as 
fast as possible secure the vast trade in the West and Northwest, within 
the district of the United States, interspersing the novices brought from 
Canada so as to consolidate, extend and monopolize, as far as possible, 
over the country, the Indian trade. The first two years they had sue- 



AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. 



73 



ceeded in bringing into their emploj' seven-eiglitlis of the old Indian 
traders on tlie Upper Mississippi, Wabasli and Illinois Rivers, Lakes 
Michigan and Superior, and their tributaries as far north as the bound- 
aries of the United States extended. The other eighth thought that their 
interest was to remain independent ; toward such, the company selected 
their best traders, and located them in opposition, with instructions so to 
manage by underselling to bring them to terms. 




Block House Built in 1780. 



At Mackinac, the trader's brigades were organized, the company select- 
ing the most capable trader to be the manager of his particular brigade, 
which consisted of from five to twenty batteaux, laden with goods. This 
chief or manager, when reaching the country allotted to him, made 
detachments, locating trading-houses, with districts clearly defined, for 
the operations of that particular post, and so on, until his ground was fully 
occupied by traders under him, over whom he had absolute authority. 

We will here allude to Mr. Astor's attempt to establish an 
American emporium for the fur trade at the mouth of the 



74 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Colninbia River, wliicli enterprise failed, through the capture 
of Astoria by the British in 1814, and the neglect of our 
government to give him protection. The withdrawal of Mr. 
Astor from the Pacific coast, left the ]S"orthwest Fur Com- 
pany to consider themselves the lords of the country. They -. 
did not long enjoy the lield unmolested, however. A fierce 
c Mnpetition ensued between them and their old rivals, the 
Hudson's Bay Company, which was carried on at great cost 
and sacrifice, and, occasionally, with the loss of life. It 
ended in the ruin of most of the partners of the Northwest 
Company, and merging of the relics of that establishment, 
in 1S21, in the rival association. 

Ramsey Crooks was a foremost mau in the employ of Mr. Astor in the 
fur trade, not only in the east, but upon the western coast, and has been 
called ' ' the adventurous Rocky Mountain trader. " Intimately connected, 
as Mr. Crooks was, with the American Fur Company, a slight notice of 
him will not be out of place. Mr. Crooks w^as a native of Greenock, 
Scotland, and was employed as a trader in Wisconsin, as early as 180(3. 
He entered the service of Mr. Astor in 1809. In 1813, he returned from 
his three years' journey to the western coast, and in 1817 he joined Mr. 
Astor as a partner, and for four or live years ensuing he was the company's 
Mackinac agent, though residing mostly in New York. Mr. Crooks con- 
tinued a partner until 1830, when this connection was dissolved and he 
resumed his place with Mr. Astor in his former capacity. In 1834, Mr. 
Astor, being advanced in years, sold out the stock of the company, and 
transferred the charter to Ramsey Crooks and his associates, whereupon 
Mr. C. was elected president of the company. Reverses, however, com- 
pelled an assignment in 1842, and with it the death of the American Fur 
Company. In 1845, ^Mr. Crooks opened a commission house for the sale 
of furs and skins, in New York City. This business, which was success- 
ful, Mr. C. continued until his death. Mr. Crooks died in New York, 
Juue t5, 1859, in his 73d year. Mr. Astor died in 1848. 

Washington Irving, in his '^Astoria," gives a graphic 
account of the occasional meetings of the partners, agents 
and employes of the old Northwest Fur Company, at Mont- 



AMERICAN FUK COMPANY. 



75 



real and Fort William, where they kept high days and nights 
of wassail and feastino- : of sono; and tales of adventnre and 
hair-breadth escapes. But of those lavish and merry halls 
of the old '"Northwest," we need suggest no comparison 
with the agency dwelling of the American Fur Company at 
Mackinac, where the expenses charged for the year 1821 
were only §678.1:9. In that account, however, we notice the 
following entries : 31^ gallons Teneriff6 Wine. 4^ gallons 
Port Wine ; 10 gallons best Madeira ; 70^ gallons Red Wine ; 
9 gallons Brandy ; one barrel flour. 




ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



MACKINAC ISLAND. 



Is situated in the Straits of the same name, about four miles 
east of the narrowest part, fifteen miles from Lake Huron, 
and tliirty from Lake Michigan ; contains two thousand two 
hundred and twenty-one acres, of which the National Park 
contains eight hundred and twenty-one acres, and the Mili- 
tary Eeservation one hundred and three acres. 



A RAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC. 

There are v^arious ways of reaching the Fort from the 
village ; probably the easiest is up "the steps," the view at 
the top l)eing well worth the breath it costs to reach it. 

Now follow us, and we will show you through the Fort: 

This old block-house on our left was built in 1780, by the 
British troops under Major Patrick Sinclair ; beyond, to the 
left, are two buildings, officers' quarters, built in 1876 ; pass- 
ing along toward the flag-staff, we come to another set of 
officers' quarters, built in 1835, and another old block-house, 
the upper part of which is used as a reservoir, into which 
water is pumped from a spring at the foot of the bluff, and 
distributed through pipes into various buildings. This inno- 
vation on the old-time water-wagon was made in 1881, in 
accordance with a plan dev^ised by, and executed under the 
direction of, Lieut. D wight H. Kelton, 10th IT. S. Infantry, 
Post-Quartermaster. Water first pumped Oct. 11, 1881. 

While reinforcing the flag-staff in 1869, a bottle was 
taken out of the base, containing a ])archment upon which 
was wi'itten : 



EAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC. 77 

Headquarters Fort Mackinac, 

May 25 th, 1835. 

This flag-staff erected on the 2oth clay of May, 1835, by "A" and "G" 
Companies, of the 2d Regiment of Infantry, stationed at this post. 
The following Oflicers of the 2d Infantry were present: 
Captain John Clitz, - - "A" Company, Com'd'g Post. 

Captain E. Kerby Barnum, - "G" Company. 

Ist-Lieut. J. J. B. Kingsbury - "G" Company. 
2d-Lieut. J. W. Penrose, - - "G" Company, A.C.S. 
2d-Lieut. J. V. Bomford, - "H" Company. 

Asst. -Surgeon Geo. F. Turner, - U.S.A. 
David Jones, - - , - - Sutler. 
Absent Oflicers : 
Ist-Lieut. J. S. Gallagher, "A" Company, Adjutant. 
2d-Lieut. J. H. Leavenworth, "A" Company, on Special Duty. 
Colonel Hugh Brady, Bvt.-Brig. General, Commanding Left Wing, 

Eastern Department, Headquarters at Detroit. 
Lieut. -Colon el Alexander Cummings, Commanding 2d Regiment, 

Headquarters Madison Barracks, Sacket's Harbor, New York. 
President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. 
Builder (of flag-staff), John McCraith, Private, "A" Company, 

2d Infantry. 

Auother document was added and the bottle was re- 
entombed. 

Going down the steps to the right, we are brought face to 
face with one of the old landmarks of this country, the old 
stone officers' quarters, built in 1780, w^ith walls from two 
and a half to eight feet thick ; formerly the windows had 
iron bars across them. In 1812 the basement of this build- 
ing and the old block-houses were used as prisons, in which 
Captain Roberts detained the men and larger boys of the 
village, after the capture of the Fort, until he decided what 
to do with them. Those who took the oath of allegiance 
to Great Britain were released and allowed to return to 
their homes ; the others were sent to Detroit. Mr. Michael 



78 



ANNALS OV Fcnrr MACKINAC. 




Stone Officers" Quarters. Built 1780. 



RAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC. 79 

Dousman was permitted to remain neutral and was not dis- 
turbed. 

In 1814, the basement of this building and the block- 
houses were used as a place of refuge for the women and 
children of the village, while the vessels containing the 
American troops were anchored off the island. 

The old wooden building on our right, now 'used as a 
storehouse, was built for a hospital in 1828 on the site of 
the original hospital, built by the British. 

The long, low wooden building at the other end of the 
stone-quarters, formerly officers' quarters, is now used as a 
storehouse; facing it are the barracks, a two-story frame- 
building, built in 1859, occupied by two companies of 
soldiers, one on each Hoor, with mess-rooms, etc., complete 
for each. 

We come next to the guard-house, built in 1828. Turning 
toward the bari-acks, we have on o.ur right, first, the Com- 
missary, built in 1877, on the site of the old stone-magazine. 

In the small building adjacent to the Commissary are the 
offices of the Commanding Officer and Adjutant, and next 
door, the office of the Post-Quartermaster, which is con_ 
nected by a passage-way with the storehouse beyond; built 
on the site of the post-bakery of early days. 

Going up the path from the guard-house we will examine 
the " reveille gun," and take a glimpse at the magnificent 
vievz from the gun-platform. Below, at the foot of the 
bluff, are the Government stables, blacksmith shop, and gra- 
nary ; beyond them, the company gardens, where the build- 
ings of the United States Indian Agency stood in earlier 
days. 

In front of us is Kound Island, where, for a long time, 
there was a large Indian village, the only j-emnant of which 
is an Indian burying ground, on the southeastern part of the 
island. There is also an old buryino^ o-round on Bois Blanc 



80 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Island. It is a singular fact that all these Indian graves were 
dug due east and west. 

Wauchusco, a celebrated spiritualist of the Ottawa tribe, 
lived on Round Island for several years previous to his death, 
which occurred September 30, 1837. 

To the left of Eound Island is Bois Blanc Island. 

The building in our rear is the hospital, bailt in 1858 ; 
leaving it to our right, we pass another old block-house, and 
over the old north sally-port, just outside of which, on July 
17th, 1812, the British troops stood in line and presented 
arms while Lieuts. Porter Hanks and Archibald Darragh 
marched the American troops out, with arms reversed, to 
receive their parole as prisoners of war. 

Passing on we come to the library and reading room. 

When built, the fort was enclosed by a stockade ten feet 
high, inade of cedar pickets, into the tops of which were 
driven irons with three sharp prongs projecting. Formerly 
all the buildings belonging to the fort were within this 
stockade. 

A better idea of the block-houses as they appeared then, 
and of the stockade, may be obtained irom the illustrations, 
which are reduced from old drawings. 

The old gates still remain in place at the south sally-port, 
near the guard-house. 

The flags of three great nations have successively floated 
over the post of Michilimackinac, which has been the theatre 
of many a bloody tragedy. Its possession has been disputed 
by powerful nations, and its internal peace has continually 
been made the sport of Indian treachery and white man's 
duplicity. To-day, chanting te deums beneath the ample 
folds of i\\Q fleur-de-lis^ to-morrow yielding to the power of 
the British lion, and, a few years later, listening to the ex- 
ultant screams of the American eagle, as the stars and 



RAMBLE TIIROrGH FOKT MACKINAC. 



81 



stripes float over the battlements on the " Isle of the dancing 
spirits.'' 

The historical reminiscences rendering it classic ground, 




and the many wild traditions, peopling each rock and glen 
with spectral habitants, combine to throAv around Mackinac 
an interest and attractiveness unequalled bj any other place 
on the Western Continent. 



82 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



The following named 
have served at Fort Mi 
their actual rank at that 
thej belonged are given 

1796. Henry Burbeck, 
" Abner Prior, 
' ' Ebenezer Massay, 
" John Michael, 
Thomas Hunt, 
Josiah Dunham, 
Richard Whiley, 
Francis Le Barron, 
Jonathan Eastman, 
Lewis Howard,* 
Porter Hanks, 
Arcliibald Darragh, 
Sylvester Day, 
1815. Talbot Chambers, 
" Joseph Kean, 
" John O'Fallon, 

John Heddelson, . 
" James S. Gray, 
" Benjamin K. Pierce. 
" Eobert McClallan, Jr., 
" Lewis Morgan, 
" George Wilkins, 
" John S. Pierce, 
" Thomas J. Baird, 
" Edward Purcell, 
John Miller, 
John McNeil, 
Charles Larrabee, 



officers of the United States army 
ickinac. The year of their arrival 
time, and the organization to which 



1801. 



1802. 
1807. 

1808. 



1810. 



1816. 



Major. 


Artillerists and Eng'rs. 


Captain, 


1st Infantry. 


Lieutenant, 


Artillerists and Eng'rs. 




1st Infantry, 


Major, 


1st 


Captain, 


Artillerists and Eng'rs. 


1st Lieutenant, 


" 


Surgeon's Mate. 




1st Lieutenant, 


Artillerists. 


Captain, 


" 


1st Lieutenant, 


" 


2d 


" 


Garrison Surgeon's Mate. 


Major, 


Rifles. 


Captain, 


;; 


1st Lieutenant, 


- 


2d 


" 


Captain, 


Artillery. 


1st Lieutenant, 


" 


1st 


" 


2d 


" 


2d 


" 


3d 


" 


Hospital Surgeon's Mate. 


Colonel, 


3d Infantry. 


Major, 


5th 


Captain, 


3d 



* Died at Fort Mackinac, January 13, 1811. 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



83 



1810. 


, William Whistler, 
John Greene, 


Captain, 


3d 
3d 


Infantry 


<i 


Charles L. Cass, 


1st Lieutenant, 


3d 




" 


Daniel Curtis, 


1st 


3d 




" 


John Garland, 


1st 


3d 




" 


Turby T. Thomas, 


1st 


3d 




" 


Britton Evans, 


2d 


3d 




" 


James Dean, 


2d . " 


3d 




" 


Andrew Lewis, 


2d 


3d 




1817. 


Albion T. Crow, 


Hospital Surgeon's Mate. 


" 


Lawrence Taliaferro, 


1st Lieutenant, 


3d Infantry. 


1818. 


Edward Brooks, 


1st 


3d 


" 


1819. 


Joseph P. Russell, 


Post Surgeon. 






" 


Joseph Gleason,f 


1st Lieutenant, 


5th Infantry. 


♦' 


William Lawrence, 


Lieut. -Colonel, 


2d 


" 


'■■ 


William S. Comstock, 


Surgeon's Mate, 


, 3d 


" 


" 


Peter T. January, 


2d Lieutenant, 


3d 


" 


(f 


John Peacock, 


2d 


3d 


" 


1821. 


William Beaumont, 


Post Surgeon. 






" 


Thomas C. Legate, 


Captain, 


2d Artillery. 


" 


Elijah Ljon, 


1st Lieutenant, 


3d 


" 


" 


James A. Chambers, 


2d 


2d 


" 


"■ 


Joshua Barney, 


2d 


2d 


" 


1822. 


James M. Spencer, 


1st 


2d 


a 


1823. 


Alexander C.W. Fanning 


, Captain, 


2d 


" 


" 


William Whistler, 


" 


3d Infantry 


" 


Samuel W. Hunt, 


1st Lieutenant, 


3d 


" 


" 


Aaron H. Wright, 


2d 


3d 


'' 


•' 


George H. Crosman, 


2d 


6th 


" 


" 


Stewart Cowan, 


2d 


3d 


'« 


1825. 


William Hoffman, 
Richard S. Satterlee, 


Captain, 
Assist. 'Surgeon, 


2d 




" 


Carlos A. Wait, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


" 


Seth Johnson, 


1st 


2d 


" 


1826. 


David Brooks, 


2d 


2d 


" 


" 


Alexander R. Thompson, 


, Captain, 


2d 


(f 


1827. 


James G. Allen, 


2d Lieutenant, 


5th 


if 



t Died at Fort Mackinac, March 27, 1820. 



84 



ANNALS OF FoRT MACKINAC. 



1827. 


Edwin James, 


Assist. Surgeon 




11 


Ephraim K. Barnum, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


" 


Edwin V. Sumner, 


2d 


2d 


" 


Samuel T. Heintzelmau, 


2d 


2d 


1828. 


Charles" F. Morton, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


" 


Sullivan Burbank, 


Captain, 


5th 


" 


Robert A. McCabe, 


" 


5th 


" 


William Alexander, 


1st Lieutenant, 


5th 


" 


Abner R. Hetzel, 


2d 


2d 


" 


Josiah H. Vose, 


Major, 


5th 


1829. 


James Eugle.. 


2d Lieutenant, 


5th 


" 


Amos Foster, 


2d 


5th 


" 


Enos Cutler, 


Lieut. -Colonel, 


3d 


" 


Moses E. Merrill, 


2d Lieutenant, 


5th 




Ephraim Kirby Smith, 


2d 


5th 


" 


Isaac Lynde, 


2d 


5th 


" 


Caleb C. Sibley, 


2d 


5th 


" 


William E, Cruger, 


1st 


5th 


" 


Louis T. Jamison, 


2d 


5th 


1830. 


Henry Clark, 


1st 


5th 


1831. 


John T. Collingsworth, 


2d Lieutenant, 


5th 


" 


Robert McMillan, 


Assist. Surgeon 


, Medical Department, 


1832. 


George M. Brooks, 


Colonel, 


5th Infantry. 


" 


Waddy V. Cobbs, 


Captain, 


2d 




Joseph S. Gallagher, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2d 


" 


George W. Patten, 


2d 


2d 


i< 


Thomas Stockton, 


Bvt. 2d Lieut., 


5th 


" 


Alexander R. Thompson, 


, Major, 


Oth 


" 


John B. F. Russell, 


Captain, 


5 th 


1833. 


William Whistler, 


Major, 


2d 


" 


Ephraim K. Barnum, 


Captain, 


2d 


" 


Joseph R. Smith, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2d 


" 


James W. Penrose, 


2d 


2d 


'' 


Charles S. Frailey, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


, Medical Department. 


" 


George F. Turner, 


" 


" 


1834. 


Jesse H. Leavenworth, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


<( 


John Glitz, t 


Captain, 


2d 



t Died at Fort Mackinac, November 7, 1836. 





AMERICAN OFFICERS. 


85 


1835. 


, James Y. Bomford, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d lufanty. 




Julius J. B. Kingsbury, 


1st 


2d 


" 


Marsena R. Patrick, 


Bvt. 2d Lieut., 


2d 


1836. 


Erastus B. Wolcott, 


Assist, Surgeon, 


Medical Department. 


" 


James W. Anderson, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


1839. 


Samuel McKenzie, 


Captain, 


2d Artillery. 


" 


Arnold E. Jones, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d 


1840. 


Harvey Brown. 


Captain, 


4th 


" 


John W. Phe'lps, 


1st Lieutenant, 


4th 


" 


John C. Pemberton, 


2d 


4th 


1841. 


Henry Holt, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


, Medical Department. 


<» 


Patrick H. Gait. 


Captain, 


4th Artillery. 


" 


George C. Thomas, 


1st Lieutenant, 


4th 


*' 


George W. Getty, 


2d 


4th 


" 


Alexander Johnston, 


Captain, 


5th Infantry. 


*' 


AYilliam Chapman, 


1st Lieutenant, 


5th 


tc 


Spencer Norvell, 


2d 


5th 


" 


Henrj^ "Whiting, 


2d 


5th 


a 


John M. Jones, 


Bvt. 2d Lieut., 


5th 


1842. 


Rev. John O'Brien, 


Chaplain. 




*' 


Martin Scott, 


Captain, 


5th 


1843. 


Levi H. Holden, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


Medical Department. 


" 


Moses E. Merrill, 


Captain, 


5tli Infantry. 


'' 


William Root, 


1st Lieutenant, 


5th 


" 


John C. Robinson, 


2d 


5th 


1844. 


John Byrne, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


Medical Department. 


1845. 


Charles C. Keeney, 


" 


" 


" 


George C. Westcott, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


" 


Silas Casey, 


Captain, 


2d 


" 


Joseph P. Smith, 


Bvt. 2d Lieut., 


5th 


(< 


Fred Steele, 


" 


5th 


1847. 


Fraze}' M. Winans, 


Captain, 


15th " 


" 


Michael P. Doyle, 


2d Lieutenant, 


15th " 


" 


Morgan L. Gage, 


Captain, 


1st Mich. Vols. 


" 


Caleb F. Davis, 


2d Lieutenant, 


1st 


" 


William F. Chittenden, 


2d 


1st 


1848. 


William N. R. Beall, 


Bvt. 2d Lieut., 


4th Infantry. 


" 


Charles H. Larnard, 


Captain, 


4th 



80 



ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. 



1848. 


Hiram Dryer, 


2d Lieutenant, 


4tli Infantry. 


1849. 


Joseph B. Brown, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


Medical Department. 




Joseph L. Tidball, 


Bvt. 2d Lieut. , 


4th Infantry. 


1850. 


Charles H. Laub, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


Medical Department. 


1851. 


David A. Russell, 


1st Lieutenant, 


4th Infantry. 


1852. 


Thomas Williams, 


Captain, 


4th Artillery. 


" 


George W. Rains, 


1st Lieutenant, 


4th 


" 


Jacob Culbertsou, 


2d 


4th 


" 


Joseph H. Bailey, 


Captain, 


Medical Department.. 


1854. 


Joseph B. Brown, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


, 


1855. 


John H. Greland, 


1st Lieutenant, 


4th Artillery. 


1856. 


Edward F. Bagley, 


2d 


4th 


«' 


William R. Terrill, 


1st 


4th 


(t 


Joseph H. Wheelock, 


1st 


4th 


" 


John Byrne, 


Assist. Surgeon, 


Medical Department.. 


1857. 


Arnold Elzey, 


Captain, 


2d Artillery. 


'< 


Henry Benson, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2d 


" 


Guilford D. Bailey, 


2d 


2d 


1858. 


Henry C. Pratt, 


Captain, 


2d 


" 


Henry A. Smalley, 


2d Lieutenant, 


2d 


" 


John F. Head, 


Captain, 


Medical Department.. 


1859. 


William A. Hammond, 


" 


" 


ii 


George L. Hartsuff, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2d Artillery. 


1862. 


Grover S. Wormer, 


Captain, Stanton Guards, ^Nlich. Vols. 


" 


Elias F. Sutton, 


1st Lieutenant, 


" 


" 


Louis Hartmeyer, 


2d 


••' 


" 


James Knox, 


Chaplain, 


Mich. Vols. 


" 


Charles W. Le Boutillier, 


, Assist. Surgeon, 


1st Minn. Inf'y. Vols. 


1866. 


Jerry N. Hill, 


Captain, 


Vet. Res. Corps. 


■" 


Washington L. Wood, 


2d Lieutenant, 


'' 


1867. 


John Mitchell, 


Captain, 


4od Infantry. 


" 


Edwin C. Gaskill, 


1st Lieutenant, 


48d 


'' 


Julius Stommell, 


2d 


43d 


1869. 


Leslie Smith, 


Captain, 


1st 


- 


John Leonard, 


1st Lieutenant, 


1st 




Matthew Markland, 


2d , " 


1st 


1870. 


Samuel S. Jessop, 


Captain, 


Medical Departments 


1871. 


Thomas, Sharp, 


1st Lieutenant, 


1st Infantry. 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



87 



1872. 


William M. Notson, 


Captain, 


Medical Department 


1873. 


Carlos Carvallo, 


•' 




" 


1874. 


Charles J. Dickey, 


Captain, 


22d I 


Qfantry. 


-' 


John McA. Webster, 


2d Lieutenant, 


22d 


" 


" 


J. Victor De Hanne, 


Captain, 


Medical Department 


1875. 


Alfred L. Hough, 


Major, 


22d I 


nfantry. 


1876. 


Joseph Bush, 


Captain, 


22d 




" 


Thomas H. Fisher, 


1st Lieutenant, 


22d 




" 


Fielding L. Da vies, 


2d 


22d 




1877. 


Charles A. Webb, 


Captain, 


22d 




" 


John G. Ballance, 


2d Lieutenant, 


22d 




" 


Theodore Mosher, Jr., 


2d 


22d 




<< 


Peter Moffat, 


Captain, 


Medical Department 


1878. 


Oscar D. Ladley, 


1st Lieutenant, 


2 2d Infantry. 


1879. 


Edwin E. Sellers, 
Charles L. Davis, 


Captam, 


10th 
10th 




" 


Dwight H. Kelton, 


1st Lieutenant. 


10th 




" 


Walter T. Duggau, 


1st 


10th 




" 


Bogardus Eldridge, 


2d 


10th 




" 


Edward H. Plummer, 


2d 


10th 




" 


George W. Adair, 


Captain, 


Medic 


al Department. 


1882. 


AVilliam H. Corbusier, 




' 


" 




HON. ^JVM. p. PRESTON, 
President of Mackinac. 



Map of 



J)Jhcki^^o i^hnm 



MICHIGAN. 



Entered accordirijr to Act of Congress in 188a by 
D. H. Kelton. ' 

Scale, 2 inches to 1 Mile. 




JOHMACOB-ASTOR HOUSE 

MACKINAC ISLAND, 



FORMERLY 



Headquarters of tlie Anieriean Fur-Company, 
Headquarters of Army and :N"avy Officers. 



^THE ASTOR PIOITSE is conveniently located, near the 
^Y Southern entrance to Fort Mackixac; is provided with 
good rooms, good beds, large parlors, two pianos, four billiard 
tables, bath rooms, barber's shop, telephones, large office and 
reading room, fine verandas, and an observatory on the top of 
the main building. 

Fresh Milk, Butter, Eggs, etc., daily from the "Astor 
Farm." 

Guests of this house only, have access to the Original 

Books of the old American Fur Company, which have attracted 

so much attention from the Antiquarians of Europe and 
America. 



ACCOMMODATIONS FOR 500 GUESTS. 



JAMES F CABLE, 

JOHN R. BOGAN, Proprietor. 



Clerk. 



Saint Cloud Hotel 

MACKINAC ISLAND, 



^yiTUATED upon beautifully terraced grounds overlooking the 

Ol Harbor and Straits of Mackinac. Is complete and modern in 

all its appointments, and furnished in the Queen Anne style. 

The Saint Cloud Hotel offers inducements to Tourists and 
pleasure seekers that are unsurpassed. Its corps of colored servants 
is the best, while its culinary department is under the charge of a 
Chef de Ctiz'szfie, engaged at great expense. 

Its elegant broad verandas, its large, airy, well ventilated rooms, its 

OPERATIC SINGERS 



AND ITS 



Famous STRING BAND 



are attractions by which this Hotel has gained its world-wide repu- 
tation, and which no one can disregard in the selection of a home- 
like stopping place while sojourning on this 

LOVELY AND ROMANTIC ISLE. 

WENDELL & Mcdonald, 

Managers. 




Hon. T. W. FERRY, Ex-U. S. Senator. 



MISSION HOUSE 

MACKINAC ISLAND, 

E. A. FRANKS, - - PROPRIETOR. 



Delightfully situated in the 

-NATIONAL PARKED 

Within a short distance of Arch Rock, Fairy Arch, 

Kelton's Pyramid, Giant's Causeway and 

Robertson's Folly. 



MISSION HOUSE 

Omnibuses and Baggage Wagons at every Boat. 



Barber's Shop and Bath Rooms, Bo^A;■ling Alleys, Bil- 
liard Tables, Row Boats, Telephones, Etc., Etc., 
connected AA^ith the House. 




SHABONEE. 



^ 



(LWWO •!• ^IJTIQHITIES 



By H. H. HURLBUT. 

/-'^ vast number of old MSS. Schedules, Lists of 
Cc'jl Names, Autographs, Sketches of eminent nnen 
^^^J'^ and their families, Celebrated Indians, their 

•^-^ Wars and Treaties, Portraits, Maps and Plates, 
all which, connected with a racy, running conament- 
ary from a free and easy pen, make up the body of 
the work, and furnish one of the most entertaining 
and at the same tinne valuable historical books yet 
published. It is executed in the best style of typo- 
graphical art, and best of all, this great storehouse of 
historical and genealogical information is rendered 
readily available by an excellent index, the lack of 
^A^hich has spoiled so many otherwise really valuable 

AA^OrkS. — '^^- &■ cKbt. a^i^ (^eueaf. 3Ic<^i;>J:c'r-. 



This volume -will be sent, express charges 
paid, to those who may order it. Price, 
$7.50 C. O. D. 

Address, 

Miss Hattie P. Hurlbut, 

44 Soiitfv dun Street, 

CHICAGO. ILL. 



a 



PREPARING FOR THE PRESS 



§111' Inland Seas, aiid Earif Late fiayjo'atii," 

By HENRY H. HURLBUT, 

Author of " Chicago Antiquities." 




ME-TE-A. 



J. W. DAVIS & SON, 

AT 

THE BLUE FRONT STORE, 

DEALERS IN- 
STAPLE AND FANCY GROCERIES, DRY GOODS, 

BOOTS AND SHOES, HARDWARE, TINWARE, CROCKERY, 
PAINTS AND OILS, CORDAGE, TOILET SOAPS, 

PERFUMERY, PLAIN AND FANCY STATIONERY, 
YANKEE NOTIONS. 

SUMMER SPECIALTIES- 
CONFECTIONERY, FRUITS, CIGARS and SMOKERS' GOODS. 

SUPPLIES FOR PIC-NICS AND FISHING PARTIES— 

Annals of Fort Mackinac, History of Old and New Mackinaw. 
" Anne," a Novel, by Constance Fenimore Woolson. 

A COMPLETE STOCK OF FISHINC TACKLE. 

Our line of Cigars includes "Tansill's Punch '' and " Hierr Aldricb's 
La Patria." 

ROW BOATS TO LET. 
agents for 

Steamer "MESSENGER." running from CHEBOYGAN to MANIS- 
TIQUE via MACKINAC, ST. IGNACE, GILCHRIST, SCOTT'S 
POINT, and all Shore Points. 

Steamer "A. C. VAN RAALTE," running from CHEBOYGAN to 
SAULT STE. MARIE via ST. IGNACE and MACKINAC. 



In the novel "Anne," the visitor to Mackinac will find a romance of 
unusual interest. The plot is laid or opened on the Island of Mackinac. 
It has admirable sketches of Island Scenery and descriptions of Ancient 
Islanders, habits and condition. 




North Sally-Port. 



S. Farrell. E. a. Farrell. J. J. Post. T. T. VanArsdale. 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



Hardware Merchants 



ST. IGNAOE, MICH. 



In asking your patronage, we do so feeling confident of pleasing you, 

both in the 

Quality of our Goods and in our Schedule of Prices. 

As we buy largely from manufacturers, we are prepared to offer Jobbers' 
Prices on everything in our line where quantity is required, and those 
buying in smaller lots will receive the advantage of our low purchases. 
Our stock will at all times be found complete in 

IRON, NAILS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, ROPE, 
BUILDING PAPER, TINWARE, SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, 
PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, PUTTY, LAMP GOODS, BLOCKS, 
SEWING MACHINES, LEATHER and RUBBER BELTING, 
RUBBER, HEMP and SOAPSTONE PACKING, Etc., 

And in all other goods found in a first-class Hardware Store. We carry 
also a Full Line of WIRE GOODS, consisting of FLOWER STANDS, 
BIRD CAGES, HANGING BASKETS, Etc. Also, Silver Plated 
Goods, Fishing Tackle, Etc. Every description of 

WOOD AND COAL STOVES AiND RANGES. 

AGENTS FOR STANDARD OIL COMPANY'S OILS. 
All Orders will be promptly Filled and Delivered in Town Free of Charge. 




TECUMSEH. 



EST-A^ZBLISHEID 1S54. 



JOHN R. BAILEY, 



DEALER IN 



And all other Goods usually found 
In a first-class Drug Store, 



"ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC," 

BOOKS, STATIONERY, 

CONFECTIONERY, 

Pare Wines and Liqaors for Medicinal Purposes. 

PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLY COMPOUNDED. 



Dr. John R. Bailey 

U. S. EXAMINING SUEGEON. 

Late Surgeon U. S. Vols., late Attemling-Surgeon at 
Fort Mackinac. 

RESIDENCE, adioiiimg Island House. OFFICE, In Drug Store. 

store and Residence conneeted by Telephone, 




View in Fort. 



- — TIEI 'P^ - 

ST. IGNACE REPUBLICAN 

P. D. BISSELL. Editor, 

ST. IGNAOE, MACKmAO CO., MICH., 

^jfS PUBLISHED every Saturday morning at St. 
3il Ignace, the most southern point of the Upper 
Peninsula of Michigan, at the Straits terminus of 
the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad. 
The Republican is a representative newspaper of 
the growing city of St. Ignace — not inaptly termed 
the "Gateway City" of Northern Michigan — 
having for its chief aim the diffusion of such reliable 
information regarding the city wherein published, 
the famed Mackinac Island Summer Resort, the 
County of Mackinac, and the whole Upper Penin- 
sula region, as will be of interest to the general 
reader, and contribute to the development and 
settlement of a section hitherto overlooked, even 
by the people of our own Commonwealth, which 
offers to the farmer and the laboring man, the lum- 
berman and miner, the tradesman and manufac- 
turer, and all conditions of men, a most desirable 
field for settlement and investment. 

advertising RATES: 

PER INCH SPACE. 

Transient Advertisements, per month, .... $2 00 
Six Months, . . . $6 00 One Year, . . . 10 00 

TERMS: 
Per Yeai?, . . . $2 00 Six Months, . . . $1 00 



MICHAEL McNALLY. 



PATRICK DONNELLY. 



McNally & Donnelly 

id^ ^../f^ rf i^J^ 0^ 



iyn^A.ciciisr.i^o isl-A^dstid, dvlicieh:. 



McJValljj ^ Donnelly heg to inform the pub- 
lic that 'they have constantly on hand the 
folloiviiig provisions , which are stored iiv their 

MAMMOTH REFRIGERATORS. 

Beef, Bacon, Trout, Geese, 

Mutton, Hams, Oysters, Butter, 

Veal, Lard, Chickens, Eggs, 

Pork, Sausage, Ducks, Cheese, 

Venison, Whitefish, Turkeys, Salt, 

AND ALL KINDS OF 

Choice Vegetables received Daily by Express 



VESSELS PEOVISIONEL AT SHORTEST NOTICE. 



Contractors for supplying Beef to the United States Troops at Fort 
Mackinac, Michigan. 

Pasturage for Horses and Cattle at Reasonable Rates. 



ERICSSON'S 

Improved Caloric Pumping Engine 

Is speciaUy intended for domestic use in lifting and 
fUrlN ^ forcing water from wells or cisterns, or from water 

pipes to tanks on upper floors, for the supply of build- 
ings in city or country. Can be run with gas, coal, 
charcoal, etc. Over 5,000 in use. 

6-inch cylinder, pumping 200 gallons per hour 50 ft. 

With Gas Furnace $210 00 

With Coal Furnace 220 00 

8-inch cylinder, pumping 350 gallons per hour 50 ft. 

jljl j llll II With Gas Furnace $260 00 

IlllHLiM With Coal Furnace 275 00 

12-inch cylinder, pumping 600 gallons per hour 50 ft. 

i*' With Coal Furnace, only $350 00 

12-inch duplex cylinders, pumping 1200 gallons 50 ft. 
With Coal Furnace, only $550 00 

Also full line of Steam Pumps, Direct Acting. 




RIDER 

Iiproved Compression Caloric Pumping Engine 

For pumping water for Hotels, Business Blocks, 
Water-Balance Elevators, Irrigation, Army Posts, 
Ranches, etc. We make two sizes to burn coal, 
charcoal, and wood, as follows : 
6-inch cylinder pumping 800 gallons per hour 

70 feet $40D 00 

lo-inch cylinder, pumping 3000 gallons per hour 

70 feet $700 00 

Both styles of engines are entirely safe, no steam 
being employed, and arc not liable to derange- 
ment. No valves ! No exhaust ! Still running ! 
Absolutely safe ! Anyone can operate. 

Made strictly on the interchangeable plan, with 
duplicate parts to fit, so that any part or piece can 
be supplied if necessary. Can pump to a greater 
or lesser height than 50 or 70 feet by increasing or 
decreasing diameter of pump. 

The above prices include engine, pump, air- 
chamber, vacuum chamber, furnace, oil, lubricat- 
ing can and wrench. 

MANUFACTURED BY 

DELAMATER IKUi\ WORKS, 

C. H. DELAMATER & CO.. Proprietors, 16 Corllandi St., New Yort N. Y., U. S. A. 

H. P. SANGER, Bank Block, Detroit, Special Agent. 
Send for Descriptive Catalogue. 





ARCH ROCK. 



RICHARD P. HULBERT, 

(Formerly a resident, of Erie, Pa.) 

In business at MACKINAC since 1851. 

DEALEB IN 

General Merchandise 

INCLUDING 

Ladies and Gents' Furnishing Goods, 
Carpets, Rugs, Matting, 

Millinery and Straw Goods, 
Boots and Shoes, 

Gloves and Parasols, 
Wall Paper and Window Blinds, 
Confectionery, Etc. 
Laces, 

Velvets and 

Dress Goods 
Generally. 

MACKINAC ISLAm MICHIGAN. 




Block House Built in 1780. 



C. W. CASKEY, 

Contractor ** Builder 



■OIF- 



SUMMER COTTAGES 

At Mackinac Island and Harbor Point 
Resorts, 



-AND DEALER IN- 



LUMBER, LATH, SHINGLES, and ALL KINDS of BUILDING MATERIAL. 

Lumber Yards at Harbor Springs and Point St. Ignace. 



I have the largest experience in the building and arranging of 
Summer Cottages of any one in Michigan, having built over fifty- 
last season, and have contracts on hand now — April 25th, 1883 — 
amounting to over Tv*?enty-five Thousand Dollars. 

I have Lots for sale on all the resorts of Northern Michigan, at 
prices from Fifty to Six Hundred Dollars each. Any information 
regarding the SUMMER RESORTS will be cheerfully given, and 
Plans and PRICES for Cottages furnished on application. 

Address : 

CHAS. W. CASKEY, 

Harbor Springs, Einniet Co., Mich. 




LITTLE TURTLE. 



INDIAN CURIOSITIES. 



w.w.wendell's 

Indian Alhambra 

MACKIMO ISLAND, MICH. 



Best Assortment in the Northwest of Rare Shells, Minerals, 
Lake Superior Agates and Amethysts, Indian Pipes, 
Wampum, War-Clubs, Tomahawks, Scalping Knives, 
Indian Head-Dresses, Eagles' Feathers, Bears' Claws, 
Porcupine Skins, Bows and Arrows, Arrow Heads, 
Spears, Boomerangs, Snow-Shoes, Mackinac Canes, 
Fishing Poles, Etc., and all kinds of CURIOSITIES. 

A beautiful Line of Porcupine-Quill and Sweet-Grass Work, 
Including Scented Table-Mats, Canoes, Satchels, 

Portfolios, Reticules, Handkerchief Boxes, 

Miniature Mococks of Maple Sugar. 



Call and see Indians at Work making ttie Articles we offer for sale. 



ANNALS OF FORT MACXINAC. 



Headquarters for Licensed ''GUIDES" to accompany Pedestrians in 
making the tour of the Island; they will help you SAVE STEPS, 
TIME and MONEY. 




View from Steps of P. E. Church. 



H. P. Sanger. F. W. Noble. 

Sanger & Noble, 

The DELAMATER lEON WOEES, New York. 
The ERICSSON HOT AIR PUMPING ENGINE. 

The RIDER COMPRESSION HOT AIR PUMPING ENGINE. 
The PHCENIX ENGINE WORKS, MeadvUle, Pa. 

The NOTEMAN ROTARY ENGINE & PUMP CO., Toledo, 0. 
The COLUMBUS STEAM PUMP CO., Columbus, 0. 

AND 

Victor Colliau's Improved Cupola Furnace, 

AND 

THE CLINTON WIRE \A^ORKS WIRE LATH FOR 
FIREPROOFING BUILDINGS, 

Office, Room 24 Bank Block, DETROIT, MICH, 



ESPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO ALL EINDS OF HYDEAULIC WOEE. 



S. DOW ELWOOD, G. W. LLOYD, 

A. CHAPATON, Jr. C. VALETTE KASSON, 

GEO. F. MOORE, STANDART BROS 

LIEUT. D. H. KELTON, U. S, A. 



We fLirnished to the U. S. Government the small 
RIDER ENGINE novsr in use at FORT MACKINAC, 
where it can be seen at ^A^ork every a, m. from 8 to 
lO o'clock, Sundays excepted. 

The Engine was manufactured by Delamater & Co., 
of New York. 




PYRAMID ROCK. 



JVIACKINAC NATIONAL F^ARK. 

T/ie distant horn sounds szveet and clear. 
To gladden the jubilee of the year; 
Utifurl our " Starry " banners here. 

We greet the throng zvith happy cheers. 
And wish the " folly Charioteers" 
A glorious time and many years. 

ll^gTARR'S CHARIOT" ^?vill make regular trips over 
11 Si the beautiful Island of Mackinac, leaving the 
hotels and steamboat landings at 9 a. m. and 2 p. m., 
running through the National Park to Arch Rock, Kel- 
ton's Pyramid, Fort Holmes, Skull Cave, Devil's Kitchen, 
Lover's Leap, Fort Mackinac, and other places of interest. 

This lovely Isle has long been famous for the beauty 
of its natural scenery, and for the singular purity and 
exhilerating effects of the air. Visitors -will find it 
delightful riding through these pleasant groves in' the 
National Park. 

The drives AA^ind here and there in the most enchant- 
ing way, continually unfolding nevs/ objects of inter- 
est and scenes of beauty. 

A Guide AA^ill acconnpany the "Chariot" to furnish 
fun, philosophy, and unwritten history. 

We wish to make these ''Chariot" rides as popular 
and pleasant as possible. 

Chariot Tickets for the round trip only 50 cents, for 
sale at the office. 

Saddle Horses and Livery Rigs of all kinds will be 
furnished at the office. 




Hon. EDWARD A. FRANKS. 
For 33 Years Proprietor of Mission House. 




Col. G. S. HUBBARD. 
Proprietor of Hubbard's Annex. 



HUBBARD'S ANNEX. 



S 



(CTN laying out my ANNEX TO the NATIONAL PARK ON the 
ry\ ISLAND OF MACKINAC, it has been my aim so to utilize the 
C\<^ natural advantages of the location as to make every point attrac- 
tive as a place for summer homes. 

Lakeview Boulevard, one hundred feet wide, extends along the bluff 
from fifteen to twenty feet distant from its edge, and one hundred and 
fifty feet above the lake. It is continued by the United States Govern- 
ment through that part of the National Park adjoining, to be further 
extended by the village of Mackinac authorities (they having passed an 
order to that effect) to the public road, thus making a complete and 
beautiful drive along the bluff of the lake. 

Most of the other streets, following the course of the ravines, afford 
excellent roads, and give to the lots rising on each side the advantages 
of elevated situations and fine views. The majority of the lots are finely 
wooded with numerous varieties of hard wood and evergreens. About 
one-third of the ANNEX is in streets, parks and open grounds, not to 
be built upon. 

A number of cottages, costing from $900 to $3,500, are already under 
contract, to be completed by June, 1883. For the accommodation of 
families living on these grounds, an Eating House, two stories high, 
40x80 feet, has been built. Additional improvements on streets and 
boulevards will be made early the coming spring. 

I will sell lots to those who will build cottages thereon at a liberal 
discount on list prices. 

For further information apply to 

G. S. HUBBARD, 

14J Locust 'Street, 

CHICAGO. ILL. 




Block House. Built in 1780. 




IRKWOOD 




EIINARY 



FOR YOUNG LADIES 
At KIRKWOOD, ST. LOUIS CO., MO. 

{Seven Miles front St. Louis .^ on the M. C. R. R.) 



The 23(1 Annual Session will open in September, 1883. 

Catalogues, Circulars, Terms, etc., etc., furnished upon 
application. 



ZF^A^CXTLT^X^. 



Miss ANNA C. SNEED, 
Principal. 

Miss MARY C. SNEED, 
Vocal and Instrumental Music. 

Miss JEANNETTE McLAGAN, 

Advanced Department and Pen- 
manship. 

Miss LILY M. BRUNER, 
English Branches and Music. 

Mrs. HELEN E. BARR, 
Primary Department. 

Miss BESSIE N. SUTHERLAND 
Primary Assistant. 

Miss MARY M. BARR, 
Music and Kindergarten. 



Miss BESSIE BARR, 
Kindergarten Assistant. 

Rev. F. B. SCHEETZ, 
Examiner in Latin. 

Mad. L. TINLING, 
French. 



German and Spanish. 

Miss ANNA C. SNEED. 

Art Department. 

Prof. H. M. BUTLER, 
Violin. 

Mrs. S. K. SNEED, 
Boarding Department. 




THE "GRIFFON." 



The First Vessel on the Upper Lakes. 
Built by LaSalle, 1679. 



MTIT, iffliC & iim 



RAII^ROAD. 



t, 



BETWEEN ALL POINTS EAST AND 

Marquette, Negaunee, L'Anse, Ishpeming, Hough- 
ton, Hancock, Oalumet, Ontonagon, Eagle 
Harbor, Lake Linden, 

AND ALL PLACES IN THE 



IRON JlND copper REGIONS 

OF MICHIGAN. 

THE term Cheapest, Shortest, and Quickest has become 
stereotyped, and is undoubtedly used at times when it ought not 
to be. But when we tell you that we are 311 miles nearer the cities of 
the East (of which you can satisfy yourself by referring to any general 
Railroad Guide), than any of the lines via Chicago, we mean it. 

Express trains each way daily, and Accommodation trains daily, 
except Sundays, between St. Ignace and Marquette, at which city 
connection is made with the M., H. & O. R. R. for points mentioned 
above. 

Our equipment will be found first-class. Steel rails, Pullman Sleep- 
ing-Coaches on night trains, etc., etc. The Straits of Macki- 
nac are crossed on the fine steam ferry-boat Algomah. 

Purchase Tickets by the Mackinac Route via Detroit, Mich- 
igan Central Railroad, or Grand Rapids & Indiana Rail- 
road, or on Palace Steamer City of Cleveland from Detroit, or 
New England Transportation Line Boats from Chicago and 
Collingwood, and Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroad. 

Unsurpassed Hunting and Fishing at points along the Line 
of the D., M. & M. R. R. For further information apply to 

D. McCOOL, Gen'l Sup't, F. MILLIGAN, Gen'l Pass. Ag't, 

Marquette, Mich. Marquette, Mich. 



iPiRiOE^ 'B'x:h't-^ oein'ts- 



jlJ^I^A^LS 



FOUT mjlck:in^c 



D WIGHT H. K ELTON, 

U. S. ARMY. 



REVISED EDITION. 

1883. 



FOR SALE BY 

{See Mackiiiac Island Advertisements) 

R. S. McGARVIE. Newsdealer, St. Ignace, Mich. 

L. I. WILLETS, Postmaster and Merchant, Mackinaw City, Mich. 

Dr. E. I. M. lacy, Druggist and Stationer, Sault Ste. Marie, 
Mich. 



ROBERT CLARKE & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
JAMES ANGLIM & CO., Washington, D. C. 



Sent post-paid o?i receipt of Price. 



H 62 90 M 












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BINDERY INC. |b 

^JAN 90 

^|B^ N. MANCHESTER, 
^^#^ INDIANA 46962 






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